Animal science

Tissue, gland, anatomoy and physiology

Pericardial sac

tissue surrounding the heart

pleural sac

tissue surrounding the lungs

Peritoneum

tissue surrrounding the internal organs

Epithelial tissue

tissue cover surface of the body

Endocrine gland

ductless and release chemicals directly into the bloodstream

exocrine gland

secretes by means of ducts into internal or external surface

Holocrine

sebaceous gland

Apocrine

sweat gland

Merocrine gland

most common gland

Ligaments

bone to bone

tendon

muscle to bone

Conception

act of fertilization

Dam

female parent

sire

male parent

Fecundity or prolificacy

able to frequently give birth

gestation

pagbubuntis o pagdadalang tao

Impotency

failure to copulate

Sterility

inability to produce normal young

Homeostasis

maintain constant condition in the internal environment

Axial skeleton

All bones exept limbs or appendages

Appendicular skeleton

bone of the limbs

Osteogenic cells

mesenchymal cells

Osteoblast cells

bone secreting cells

Osteocyte cells

mature bones cells that stop secreting bone substance

Osteoclast

remodeling cells, breaks down bones

Osteoid

unmineralized organic portion of the bones (made up of collagen)

ossification

deposition of calcium salt in osteoid tissue

calcification

deposition of calcium salt in any tissue

cancellous or trabecular or spongy bone

consist of many interosseous space

compact or cortical bone or lamellar bone

consist of extensive lamellae

osteon or haversian system

basic unit of compact bone

osteogenesis

process of the bone formation through the secretory activity of osteoblasts

epiphyseal plate or epiphyseal line

site of bone growth

Intramembranous

creates bone directly from mesenchymal connective tissue,

endochondral ossification

replaces a hyaline cartilage intermediate with bone tissue

Long bones

bone that acts as lever

Short bone

bones that absorbs concussion

Flat bones

bones that protects vital organs

sesamoid bones

reduce friction

Isometric

same length but increase tension

Eccentric

lengthening

Concentric

muscle moves the bones or shortening

Isotonic

same tension but length changes

rickets

growing area of bones

Irregular bones

protection and support of muscle attachment

pneumatic bones

bones found in flying birds

Skeletal muscle

voluntary and striated

Smooth muscles

involuntary and non-striated

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary and striated

Epimysium

Outer connective-tissue covering around the whole muscle

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers

Endomysium

Thin connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle cell/fiber

DNA

semi conservative

Afferent

Body to CNS

Efferent

CNS muscle

interneurons

tells you that you need to react

CNS

process and decides (spinal cord + brain

PNS

Carries messages (all nerves outside brain and spinal)

Somatic

Controls voluntary movements

Autonomic

Controls involuntary functions

Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral)

rest and digest (peace)

Sympathetic

fight or flight (stress)

Hormone

not secreted in uniform amount

Polypeptides

Chains of amino acid

Glycoproteins

polypeptide chain

Amines

derived from the amino acid tyrosine and tryptophan

steroids

lipids derived from cholesterol

Hypothalamus

vital role in controlling bodily functions such as release of hormones

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

also called “master gland” because it controls many glands

Somatotrophic hormone (STH)

Promotes growth of long bones

Gigantism

STH before adulthood

Acromegaly

STH after adulthood

Adrenocorticotrophic

stimulates the adrenal cortex (cortisol)

Thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid gland

LTH or prolactin

stimulate milk secretion

FSH

development of ovarian follicle

LH

ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

water absorption

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contraction and milk-ejection

Aldosterone

sodium absorption

Cortisol

stress hormone

Androgen

male sex hormone

Parathyroid hormone

increase level of calcium in blood

Calcitonin

lowers calcium level

somatostatin

regulates islet secretion

Beta cells

Insulin; reduce blood glucose

Alpha cells

glucagon; increase blood glucose

Epinephrine

known as adrenaline, controls your body's "fight-or-flight" response

Norepinephrine

raises your heart rate, tightens your blood vessels, and increases your blood pressure

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin, responsible for photoperiod-related behavior (ex. circadian rhythm, seasonal breeding & egg production)

Cardiovascular system

transport network of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that moves essential nutrients and oxygen to cells while removing waste.

Pericardium

connective tissue covering that protects the heart

Myocardium

muscular wall; heart muscle that pumps blood

endocardium

smooth innermost wall in the heart the reduce friction

Right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

right ventricles

receive blood from the right atrium; contract to push blood tyo the pulmonary artery

Tricuspid valve

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Bicuspid or mitral valve

separate left atrium from the left ventricle

Semilunar valve

found in the aorta and pulmonary arteries; ensures unidirectional flow of blood to these vessels and to prevent backflow of blood to ventricles