Lec-11: Electrolyte, Acid-base reaction, titration

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering electrolytes, acids, bases, neutralization reactions, and titration principles from Chemistry 131 Lecture 11.

Electrolyte

A substance whose ions exist in equilibrium with unionized substance in aqueous solution, allowing for the conduction of an electric current.

Non-Electrolyte

A substance in which no ionization occurs and there is no conduction of electrical current (e.g., aqueous solutions of sugar, ethanol, or ethylene glycol).

Strong Electrolyte

A substance that is nearly $100\%$ dissociated into ions in aqueous solution and conducts electric current efficiently (e.g., $NaCl$, $HNO_3$, $HCl$).

Weak Electrolyte

A substance that only partially dissociates into ions in aqueous solution and is slightly conductive (e.g., vinegar/acetic acid, tap water).

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A chemical species that functions as a proton ($H^+$) donor.

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A chemical species that functions as a proton ($H^+$) acceptor.

Hydronium Ion ($H_3O^+$)

The species formed in water because free hydrogen ions ($H^+$) do not exist freely in solution and strongly associate with a water molecule.

Amphiprotic Substance

A substance that can behave as either a proton acceptor or a proton donor (e.g., water).

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Two species related to each other by the transfer, donation, or acceptance of a single proton ($H^+$).

Strong Acid

An acid that completely ionizes in aqueous solution to behave as a strong electrolyte (e.g., $HCl$, $HBr$, $HI$, $HNO_3$, $H_2SO_4$, and $HClO_4$).

Weak Acid

An acid that dissociates only partially in aqueous solution, characterized by an incomplete reaction indicated by a double arrow ($\rightleftharpoons$) (e.g., $HF$, $H_3PO_4$, $CH_3COOH$).

Strong Base

A base that ionizes completely in aqueous solution, including Group 1A(1) hydroxides ($LiOH$, $NaOH$, $KOH$, $RbOH$, $CsOH$) and heavy Group 2A(2) hydroxides ($Ca(OH)_2$, $Sr(OH)_2$, $Ba(OH)_2$).

Weak Base

A base that dissociates or ionizes only partially in aqueous solution (e.g., ammonia, $NH_3$).

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction that takes place when an acid reacts with a base to produce a solution of a salt and water.

Salt

An ionic compound made up of the cation characteristic of the base and the anion characteristic of the acid.

Titration

A volumetric method used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by reacting it with a standard solution.

Standard Solution

A solution of known concentration used in a titration, also referred to as the titrant.

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration when enough standard solution has been added to completely react with the unknown substance.

End Point

The point in a titration when an indicator changes color.