lu 5 pt. 1 (early customs and practices_

• Kanggan: Collarless, short-sleeved jacket. Red was worn by the chief/Datu, while blue or black was worn by men below his rank.

• Bahag: A strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and passing down between the thighs.

• Putong: Headcloth wrapped around the head. A red putong showed the wearer had killed a man in war; an embroidered putong meant he had killed at least seven men.

Male Attire:

• Baro / Camisa: A sleeved jacket/blouse.

• Saya / Patadyong: Loose skirt (Saya among Tagalogs, Patadyong among Visayans).

• Tapis: A red or white piece of cloth wrapped around the waist.

Female Attire:

Pre-colonial Filipinos walked barefooted (sandals/shoes were Spanish innovations).

Footwear:

• Kalumbiga: Armlets made of gold or precious stones.

• Teeth Fillings: Gold placed between teeth as personal adornment, not to cover decay.

Ornaments:

Served as personal body ornaments and "war medals". The Visayans were the most tattooed, leading Spaniards to call them Pintados and their islands Islas del Pintados.

Tattoos:

• Clothing as a Visual Status System: Attire was a strict indicator of social standing, leadership, and military accomplishment. One could instantly identify a person's social status or war achievements simply by inspecting the color of their jacket (kanggan) or the pattern on their headgear (putong).

• The Dual Function of Tattoos: Tattoos were not merely aesthetic or cosmetic; they held functional social value. They represented a man’s bravery and combat record—the more tattoos a man possessed, the higher his social prestige and respect within the community.

Reflective & Conceptual Analysis on Clothing, Ornaments, & Physical Appearance:

Bahandin

The common term for the native house built on wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.

Arigues (Haligi)

High wooden columns/posts raising the house above the ground.

Batalan

An open gallery/porch at the back used for household chores.

• Tree Houses: Built high on treetops by the Ilongots, Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos to avoid surprise enemy raids.

• Boat Houses: Built by the Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) due to their nomadic, sea-roving lifestyle.

Specialized Dwellings:

The traditional native house (bahandin) was engineered specifically for a tropical climate—elevated on posts (haligi) for flood protection and ventilation, constructed with lightweight local materials (bamboo/nipa), and equipped with retractable ladders for safety against intruders.

Reflective & Conceptual Analysis on Dwellings & Architecture:

• Nobles: Chiefs/Datus and their families. Carried titles like Gat or Lakan in Tagalog regions.

• Freemen (Mahadlika / Timawa): Free men or former dependents who had earned freedom.

• Dependents (Alipin): Occupied the lowest stratum. Acquired status via inheritance, war captivity, debt, purchase, or criminal sentence.

The Three Main Social Classes:

1. Western "Slavery" vs. Pre-Colonial "Dependence"

• The Reality: Pre-colonial alipin were debtors or sharecroppers, not slaves.

• Key Rights: They kept human rights, could own property, and could buy back their freedom.

2. Social Mobility (Flexible Status)

• The Reality: Your class was not fixed for life.

• How to Change Rank:

  • Move Up: Pay off debts or display bravery in war.

  • Move Down: Unpaid debts or committing a major crime.

3. Mixed Marriage Inheritance (The Split Rule)

• The Reality: Children split social ranks based on birth order.

• The Formula:

  • Odd-numbered children (1st, 3rd, 5th) = Father's rank

  • Even-numbered children (2nd, 4th, 6th) = Mother's rank

  • Only 1 child? = Half-free, half-dependent

Reflective & Conceptual Analysis on Social Structure & Class Mobility:

• Equal status to men.

• Right to own and inherit property.

• Right to engage in trade and industry.

• Right to succeed as Chieftain in the absence of a male heir.

• Exclusive right to give names to their children.

Rights of Pre-Colonial Women:

The suitor served the girl's parents for months/years (chopping wood, fetching water).

Service Courtship: