plant form vocab

lecture week 8

root

plant part not having leaves or nodes

moisture and inorganic nutrients

starch storage

oxygen

tap root system

long central shaft to store nutrients and reach deeper water tables

Fibrous or diffuse root system

primary function is to support plant, secondarily to
access a more shallow water supply

tuber

sweet potato

swollen energy storing roots

stem/ trunk/ shoot

axial or dendritic, buttressed trunk for support

transport nutrients/water between leaves and roots
b. Access to available light above surrounding structures
c. Asexual reproduction: lateral stem runners above ground (stolons) and below (rhizomes)
d. Photosynthesis; in arid-dwelling plants, e.g. cactus
e. Water storage: cactus, certain vines
f. Protection: thorns are modified stems
g. Food storage: underground stems: white potato, yams

axial

central column with spire shape for strength and shedding snows (spruces);
palm trunks are bare to reduce lateral wind pressure in tropical storms

Dendritic

sub-branching (for greater photoreception)

leaves

Photosynthesis– large, doubly compounded leaves like ferns with many spaces to
avoid rain damage
b. Water collectors with leaves angled down toward central stem and axil collection basin
c. Attachment to other vegetation for climbing – pea leaf tendrils
d. Defense: most cactus spines are modified leaves
e. Water storage - aloe vera, succulent plants
f. Obtaining supplementary nitrogen – carnivorous plants

designs of leaves

simple
b. Compound
c. Doubly compound (increases lateral leaf reach with minimal increase in leaf mass)
d. Needles, giving maximum water conservation; reduced, but year-round photosynthesis

meristematic cells

Undifferentiated, rapidly dividing cells found in apical (root and stem tips) and lateral (cambium) meristems. One daughter cell stays undifferentiated while the other begins differentiating. They have thin, flexible primary cell walls and no secondary cell walls, allowing growth.

parenchyma cells

The most common mature plant cells. They remain alive, have thin, flexible primary cell walls, and can divide or differentiate to repair tissues. They form ground tissue (e.g., mesophyll and root cortex) and phloem cells

Collenchyma cells

Less abundant plant cells with thicker, cellulose-rich primary cell walls but no secondary walls. They provide flexible support while allowing the plant to stretch and grow (e.g., celery stalks and vascular bundles).

Sclerenchyma cells

Have thick secondary cell walls containing lignin, cannot stretch, and die when mature. They provide strong support and form xylem cells (tracheids and vessel elements), fibers (e.g., hemp and linen), and sclereids (e.g., nut shells). found in non growth areas

epidermis

waxy cuticle- less water loss

trichomes- no insects

stomata- guard cells

palisade mesophyll

in the leaf

elongated parenchyma cells

photosynthesis

spongy mesophyll

in leaf

gas and water exchange

vascular bundle

in leaf

mesophyll

xylem, phoem and supportive collenchyma cells

bark

cork cells in trunk

cork cambium

in trunk, makes cork cells with lignin to outside cork cambium layer

secondary phloem cells

in trunk, transort photosynthate, nutrients

Secondary vascular cambium

in the trunk

produces secondary phloem cells to the outside, secondary
xylem cells to the inside, and parenchyma cells horizontally (rays) that transport
fluids/nutrients between inner and outer cells of the trunk

Secondary xylem cells

in trunk

are active in water transporta

Sapwood

in trunk

light-colored xylem layer active in water transport

Heartwood

in trunk

dark-colored xylem in core of a tree that no longer transports water, but serves
as a depot for resin (anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties)

epidermis with lateral roots and root hairs

in the root

waxy cuticle layer is reduced, more surface area for nutrient absorption

cortex

in the root

parenchyma food-storage cells in the “ground” tissue of the root

Vascular cylinder

in root

in center, or if multiple, dispersed vascular bundles in cortex

endodermis

barrier in foot function sit of casparian strip

pericycle

layer where the lateral roots grow

phloem

primary

transport sugars

xylem

transport water and =minserals up from roots

apical meristems

cause primary growth and increase length of root and shoot

cellular division zone

first part of root system

root cap of loose epidermal cells- mucigel lubricant to help growth

apical meristem

primary meristem

primary meristem

above apical mersitem

cells differentiate

elongation zone

second part of root system

absorption zone

third part of root system

shoot system

similar to root tip but with leaves and lateral buds instead of root hairs

secondary growth

caused by lateral meristems and makes plant wider

lateral meristem

cylinder of actively dividing tissue on the length of the plant and just inside perimeter of stem or trunk

cork cambium

type of lateral meristem

outside the secondary phloem cell and makes cork on the OUTSIDE of the layer

no tissue layer

vascular cambium

type of lateral meristem

inside the cambium layer

makes phloem cells to the outside

makes xylem cells which inc the width because old ones dont leave

flower

attract pollinators, launch pollen, protect ova

Sepals

thicker, leaf-like, photosynthesizing structures that enclose the developing
flower bud and other reproductive structures, protecting them from insects and disease

Petals

generally thinner, leafy, colorful, and scented structures located in a whorl inside
the sepals, serving to attract pollinators. . The entire petal assemblage is termed the corolla.

nectary

at the petals’ base may occur, which
contains a nectar reward for pollinators

corolla.

The entire petal assemblage

Stamen

the structure producing the male gametophyte (pollen) and composed of a
support shaft (filament) and a terminal pad of pollen (anther)

Carpel

the reproductive structure that produces female gametophytes, each composed of a swollen basal ovary with ova, a tubular style, and a
terminal stigma upon which pollen lands and initiates growth of the pollen tube
conveying the male gametes to the ova for fertilization

seed

consists of a plant embryo, an endosperm as a nutrient source

fruit

protect seed from damage

endoderm cells

single cell layer around xylem phloem tissue in root that secrete wax on surfaces, drive high concentrations of potassium salt and sugars from phloem to Cortex cells

casparian strip

barrier to all ion water flow around the endoderm cell

plasmodesmata

small openings between endoderm and cortex cells that allow entry of water through cytoplasm

translocation

movement of sugars up and down the phloem

essential nutrients

required for metabolism and tissue

hydroponic techniques

used to determine the exact concentrations of nutrients required for maximum health

macronutrients

required in large quantities

active transport

promotes nutrient uptake

metabolic cellular engine pumping these ions

mycorrhizal fungal symbionts

promoting nutrient uptake

supply macronutrients in high concentrations to plants by wrapping their hyphen around root cells

root hairs

inc surface area for nutrient uptake

acid soil

reduce nutrient

shut down respiratory decomposition

rapid decomposition by microbes

reduce

high co2 which lowers soil ph