Computer Fundamentals and Basic Operations

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, hardware, software, memory units, ergonomic guidelines, and basic computer operations.

Computer

An advanced electronic machine considered the backbone of modern information systems, whose primary function is to solve problems by accepting Data, performing specific processing operations, and presenting the Results (Information) to the user based on detailed, step-by-step instructions.

Data

Raw facts (such as names and numbers) before they are processed.

Instructions

Software commands that tell the computer how to handle data.

Information

The final useful result obtained after processing data.

Computer System Architecture Diagram

A functional block diagram depicting the relationships and data/instruction flow between the Control Unit, Processor (Registers and Combinational Logic), Main Memory, Input, and Output.

Control Unit (CU)

A functional block within the CPU that manages the flow of data.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A component of the CPU that performs mathematical operations and logical comparisons.

Hardware

Refers to the physical, tangible parts of the computer system.

Scanner

An image/video input device used to digitize paper images.

Plotters

Large output devices used for printing engineering designs and maps.

Output Devices Overview

Hardware devices used to display or project information, including Monitors, Printers, Speakers, Headphones, Projectors, Graphics cards, and Scanners.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Volatile primary memory that loses its contents as soon as the power is turned off, used to store programs currently in use.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Non-volatile primary memory that stores the manufacturer’s basic instructions for starting the device (Bootstrap loader).

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

The main permanent secondary storage for the operating system and files.

CD (Compact Disc) Capacity

An optical disk storage capacity equal to $700\,\text{MB}$.

DVD Capacity

An optical disk storage capacity of up to $4.7\,\text{GB}$.

Byte Conversion

$$1\,\text{Byte} = 8\,\text{Bits}$$

Kilobyte (KB)

$$1\,\text{Kilobyte (KB)} = 1024\,\text{Bytes}$$

Megabyte (MB)

$$1\,\text{Megabyte (MB)} = 1024\,\text{KB}$$

Gigabyte (GB)

$$1\,\text{Gigabyte (GB)} = 1024\,\text{MB}$$

Terabyte (TB)

$$1\,\text{Terabyte (TB)} = 1024\,\text{GB}$$

Processor Speed Unit

Measured in Hertz ($\text{Hz}$) and its multiples such as $\text{GHz}$.

System Software

Software category that includes Operating Systems, Utilities, and Drivers to manage and run computer components.

Operating System (OS)

System software (e.g., Windows, Mac OS, Linux) that manages the entire device.

Drivers

Small programs that allow the computer to recognize peripheral devices (e.g., printer drivers).

Application Software

Programs designed for specific tasks like Office suites (MS Word, Excel) and web browsers.

Shareware

Software provided for a free trial for a limited time before purchase is required.

Freeware

Fully free software for personal use, though copyrights remain with the author.

EULA (End User License Agreement)

A legal contract defining the user's rights and obligations toward the software.

Computer Ergonomics

The science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit human capabilities and prevent injuries.

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)

Pains affecting muscles and nerves due to incorrect posture or prolonged, improper use of the mouse and keyboard.

Proper Ergonomic Positioning Diagram

An illustration showing proper workplace posture parameters: a viewing distance of 18-24", viewing angle, $20^\circ$ wrist bend, straight wrist, $90^\circ$ seat back angle, $90^\circ$ knee angle, and feet flat on floor.

Save vs. Save As

Save stores changes in the existing file, whereas Save As saves a new copy with a different name or location.

Recycle Bin

Temporarily stores deleted files, allowing users to restore them or delete them permanently.

File Compression

Using programs like WinRAR to reduce file size for storage efficiency or email attachment.

Anti-virus Software

Security software necessary to protect the device from malware that causes slow performance or system failure.