hde 100c midterm 1

65+

older adults: _____

-young old: 65 - 74

-old old: 75 - 84

-oldest old: 85+

life expectancy

average number of years of life remaining for an individual at a particular age

-measured at the individual level

life span

average duration of life for members of a species

-tells us something about the species as a whole

maximum life span

longest recorded period of time between birth and death of an individual member of a species

-measured at the individual level

rectangularization

During the 1900s, we saw the ___________________ of morality curve.

-level in the beginning and then drops steeply

-it was not a gradual decline like the past

-over time, it became true that most people would live to a higher age. the likelihood of living was pretty high and leveled

double, developing

-Between 2000 and 2030, U.S. and World population of adults 65 years old and older expected to __________

-Expected to make up almost 20% of U.S. population in 2030.

-Most adults over 65 live in __________ countries. The percentage of the world's older adults living in developing countries continues to grow

centenarians

someone 100 years old or over

-the number of __________ in the U.S. is growing rapidly

-80% of this population are women

40, 19, heart disease

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE POPULATIONS BY AGE: 2000

-Up until age ____, we have more males than females

-big drop for male population after the age of ___.

>>Natural phenomenon not only seen i humans where males have to compete in order to get mates

>>often times, reckless behavior

>>possibly biologically ingrained

>>The Y chromosome has little genetic material compared to X chromosome. If something happened to a female, she has another X chromosome to balance out the problem.

>>____________ tends to be more fatal to males earlier than for females

non hispanic white, life expectancies, age, health care

RACIAL DIVERSITY

(1)U.S. population over 65 is becoming more diverse.

>>___________: more prevalent in this age group tan in general populaton

>>proportion made up of minorities is growing

(2)lack of diversity due to

>>differences in ______________ at birth

~~~When a baby is born, he or she has a different life expectancy based on their ethnic group. Different ethnic groups have different life expectancies.

>>_______ at time of immigration

~~~People who are younger have a higher chance of immigrating.

~~~The issue is that as people get older in the US, they tend to stay here.

~~~We don't have a lot of older people immigrating to the US. Younger people immigrate more frequently than older people.

>>differences in ___________ availability

~~~high quality health care is differentially available to different ethnic groups

~~~better health care = tend to have longer life

average age for women is much higher

DISABILITY

some type of disability:

-older women = 43%

-older men = 40%

What might cause this discrepancy?

-If you look at the average age for men and women over 65, the _____________________.

-higher average age for women = more disability

-When you are looking at women, you aren't just looking at a sex difference, you're looking at an age difference

medical, decreased

WHY HAS THE LIFE EXPECTANCY RISEN?

-improved _______care

-improved nutrition

-decreased infant and child mortality rate

>>By 2000, 99% of infants survived to their first birthday and 82% of people lived past 65.

>>The life expectancy at birth is 76 years. Much higher in the past

-___________ deaths in earlier life (especially for women, during child birth)

-better treatments for diseases; better prevention efforts

-population is better educated about health

resources, responsibilities

CONSEQUENCES OF PEOPLE LIVING LONGER

-personal

>>find _________ to care for loved ones

>>more time to enjoy with loved ones (more intergenerational relationships)

>>more need to plan for retirement

>>career opportunities (more psychiatrists focusing on care of older population)

-social

>>opportunities and benefits

>>____________(Taking care of older adults with Alzheimer's etc..)

gerontology, human factors and technology,

CAREERS

-geriatric medicine (doctor, nurse)

>>focuses care on older population. Promoting a healthy lifestyle

-_______________

>>provide counseling and services to older adults

>>increase our knowledge of older adult development

-____________________

>>field where people can design cars and websites that older people need

>>there are some smart houses with sensors that know when someone will fall or not --> help older adults live independently

-experimental psychology

>>this area includes: testing memory in older adults, understanding better how memory functions in older adults, discovering brain changes that take place in older adulthood, how health/exercise help with memory

>>brain function and structure change with age

-skilled nursing home work

>>places where people can live 24 hours a day where they have nurses on staff to take care of people bc they need some source of medical care

-economics

-policy, politics, law

>>people can look at things look affordable housing for adults

>>health care policies and legal protection

-education

>>we can figure out how older adults learn and provide them with help to really maximize that

>>look at how training can help older adults learn better

>>people in this field can provide older adults with educational opportunities

inter, intra

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AND WITHIN INDIVIDUALS

-developmental psychology focuses on differences between and within individuals:

-______-individual differences: these are differences between individuals. When one individual is different from another, consider this an _______-individual difference

-_______-individual differences: these are differences within individuals. When an individual is different from how he/she used to be, we consider this an _______-individual difference

inter individual difference

these are differences between individuals. When one individual is different from another, we consider this an _______________

-ex: how height of each child is different from other children in that classroom

intra individual difference

these are differences within individuals. When an individual is different from how he/she used to be, we consider this an _______________

-ex: looking at the height of a child on the first and last day at school and looking to see how much an individual grew

ontogenesis

development of an individual organism

-intra-individual change

-the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity

between, within

Developmental psychology looks ____________ individual differences (inter-individual differences) and commonalities AND looks at differences __________the individual over time (brought about through ontogenesis) in areas of behavior, thoughts, and emotions

chronological age

simply the number of years since birth

biological age

-based on how your biological/physical condition compares to that of others

-refers to your physical condition as it compares to other people

psychological age

-based on someone's ability to deal with their environment and how that compares with others

social age

-based on the expected roles that a person takes on at a certain time of life

psychological age

Let's say a young woman goes out to party with her friends 5 days a week and leaves and her husband and kids at home

-this person acts like a 19 year old

-her social age would be higher than that

-She has these official social roles of mother and wife (those are things you take on but it doesn't mean you are dealing with that part of your environment very well)

social age

If a middle aged man retires retires and his first grandchild is born and this all happens the year he turns 40, what type of age does this tell us about?

-above the norm, most people have not retired or have grandkids by the time they're 40

biological age

If a woman is 80 years old and has a lung capacity of that of 50 and is able to do exercises of people in their 60s, what kind of age does this tell us about?

-below the norm

functional

biological, psychological, and social age makes up someone's __________ age

normative age-graded influences

-experiences linked to age

-experienced by most adults of every generation

-In terms of biology for instance, some of our experiences are shared due to the natural age experience we go through

-Some of our experiences are shared because of the natural aging process our body goes through

social clock

-people tend to graduate from high school in adolescence, if they are going to go to college people start around age 19, age of marriage mid to late 20s, people tend to have children at certain times

-considered on time events when they do it at a normal time

-off time event --> some 80 year old graduates college or someone retiring at age 35

normative history graded influences

-experiences that result from historical events or experiences

-explain similarities and differences between groups of people

>>include:

(1) culture

(2) cohort

nonnormative life events

experiences that are unique to an individual or a small group

-off-time events

>>death of spouse in early adulthood

>>inheritance of enough money to retire at 40

how much off time events affect people?

-affects someone if it happens earlier in life

-when it happens in later adulthood, people are expecting it to some extent

-may be less prepared in early adulthood

-may not have models (friends) who have gone through the same thing

-financially it can affect them differently because in older age people have a plan for it

-forces someone to take on a different social role

-it could change their psychological age --> have to mature sooner

normative age graded influence

what kind of graded influence?

people getting married in their 20s

normative age graded influence

what kind of graded influence?

someone graduating in their mid 20s

normative history graded influence (very few people alive in the US that day that was not affected by it. could also be a nonnormative life event tho)

what kind of graded influence?

9/11 event

nonnormative life event

what kind of graded influence?

woman graduating college at age 76

G. Stanley Hall, erik erikson

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

-__________, the "father" of Developmental Psychology, considered development through adolescence

-__________ was one of the first people studying development to come up with a theory that took the entire life span into account

-longitudinal studies

multidirectional, plastic

-Paul Baltes: person who articulated the life span developmental theory in literature

-development is life long

-development is _____________

>>health might be good when you are born, be sick for awhile in adolescence, and you might get better as time goes on

-in life we have a combination of gains and losses

-development across the lifespan is ________

>>plastic and changeable

>>modifiable

-development is contextual

-historically embedded

>>development is affected by historical context

-study of development is multidisciplinary

>>collaborate with other departments

>>include other disciplines

cross sectional studies

-one in which we collect data at one time from a number of different age groups

-subjects of different ages observed at single point in time

-age can vary across different people in this study design

-cohort can vary

>>cohort has similar experiences throughout life

>>a group of people within their same age range

-age and cohort differ but everyone is measured at the same time

longitudinal studies

-we follow the same group of people over time

-same subjects observed at different ages

-at least three measurement occasions

-we pick one group of people who are usually at the same age when the study starts and we follow them over time

-allows us to see CHANGE as age goes along

-all of these participants are the same age at any given time

-measurement occasion and age can vary but cohort stays the same

-age and measurement occasions are confounded (we are unable to separate the effects of those two variables because both of those variables are changing at the same time)

sequential studies

-a series of longitudinal studies over time

-combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches

-allow you to make pretty good estimates of the effects of age, cohort, and measurement occasion

age and cohort are confounded (you can't definitively say that difference is due to age because age and cohort are confounded)

big weakness of cross sectional studies

measurement occasion and age (measurement occasion could be different: historical context, earthquake, allergies, etc... different measurement occasions can interfere with performance)

in longitudinal study, what independent variables can be confounded?

attrition, cost, and repeated measure testing effect

What are some drawbacks of longitudinal studies?

-we have more than one measurement occasion. We experience some level of people dropping out of the study (death, moving, childcare, physical disabilities, declining health, trouble getting transportation, etc...)

>>difficult to generalize the results beyond a certain point

>>people who stay in the study are qualitatively different than the ones who dropped out

~~~people who stay may be healthier

~~~people who live to be 90 are qualitatively different than those who didn't survive that long

change

what are the advantages of longitudinal studies?

-we can observe real developmental __________

cross sectional studies

advantages

-cheaper, faster, easier

disadvantages

-age confounded with cohort

-show only AGE DIFFERENCES without showing CHANGE with age

-older adult sample may be less representative of general population than younger adult sample

-those who survive to older age may be inherently different

longitudinal studies

advantages

-truly demonstrate change

disadvantage

-age confounded with time

-time consuming, expensive

-attrition

-measures can become obsolescent

-repeated measures testing effects

-results may be found only in cohort studied

cross sectional studies

age confounded w cohort

longitudinal studies

age confounded w time

sequential studies

-combine aspects of cross sectional and longitudinal studies

-this is an attempt to be able to learn about cohort, age, and time of measurement (instead of just two of these)

-can look at only two aspects at a time:

>>age and cohort

>>age and time

>>cohort and time

reliability

the extent to which you get the same result every time you measure something

-consistency across measures

replicability

the extent to which you can look at how someone else collected and analyzed data and you can do it and get similar results

-the extent to which someone's research can be taken and be re done by someone else and you can get the same or very similar result

validity

-basically like accuracy

-the extent to which we are measuring what we want to measure

-the extent to which your results represent truth with a capital "T"

no

can you high validity without high reliability?

-you can't have high validity without high reliability because to have high validity, your observations must be close to that center point and if they are far enough away from being accurate then it is not reliable

correlation

-statistic

-tells us how much two sets of scores vary together

-range: +1 to -1

-negative correlation: high scores on one dimension occur with low scores on the other

-positive correlation: high scores on both dimension occur together

primary aging

-gradual

-inevitable

-happens to most people

secondary aging

-sudden

-caused by disease, poor health habits, and environmental influences

-happens to only some people

maximum life span

-longest time a member of a species can live under ideal conditions

random or stochastic theories

-senescence is caused by random/unplanned damage to our DNA

-based on evidence of random damage that takes place at cellular level

-examples:

>>oxidative change

>>waste product accumulation theory

programmed or genetic theories

-senescence is caused by information stored in our DNA

-centered on observation that every species has characteristic maximum life span

-examples:

>>time-clock theory (hayflick limit)

>>telomere theory

oxidative damage

random/stochastic theories:

-free radical: molecule with an unpaired electron

-result of:

>>regular body metabolism

>>diet

>>x-rays

>>air pollution

-we have free radicals going around our bodies and because of the unpaired electrons, these molecules are torn apart

>>we aren't able to deal with this as well when we are older because we aren't as good as repairing them

-this theory says that primary aging is caused by the free radicals and our inability to deal with these as well

free radical

molecule with an unpaired electron

-molecules contain electrons (negatively charged pieces)

-if a molecule has an odd number of electrons --> unstable

-_____________ end up entering into a lot of damaging interactions with other molecules

>>when the body is healthy, it can usually resist this damage or repair this damage

>>however, when we get older, our ability to repair damage like this isn't quite as good

waste product accumulation theory

random/stochastic theories:

-lipofusion and other waste products accumulate in cell

>>lipofusion: a brownish pigment. a waste product of breaking down blood cells that are damaged

-when blood cells are damaged, we need to get rid of the waste

-lysosomes take up and degrade waste

>>unable to degrade lipofusion

-too much lipofusion --> lysosomes pick up more lipofusion --> but it has trouble degrading lipofusion in large amounts --> not getting rid of wates

waste accumulation theory

when lysosomes are unable to degrade waste --> aging at cellular level

-as you get older, you have to degrade more and more blood cells that aren't working anymore

-senescence at the cellular level happens because our cells are unable to deal with all the waste. During the process of breaking down damaged blood cells, we produce lipofusion. Our blood cells have trouble degrading lipofusion so our cells fill up with lipofusion. Lysosomes are unable to break it down. Cell full of garbage --> can't function very well

-lysosomes aren't able to do its job if there is too much lipofusion

-cells don't work well when there is a bunch of waste in them

time clock theory or hayflick limit

programmed/genetic theories:

-human embryo cells in vitro --> nutrient solution --> double in population about 50 times --> stop and enter replicative senescence

-found that a cell can basically divide a finite number of times. There is a limit to the number of times a cell can divide

-different species have different limits

-we find a positive correlation between the maximum life span for that species and their hayflick limit

telomere theory

programmed/genetic theories:

-telomeres shorten during DNA replication

-when telomeres degrade enough, cell stops dividing

-telomerase -- enzyme that lengthens telomeres

-telomeres shorten during DNA replication and during DNA replication we have this long strand of DNA

-During DNA replication, we are not so good at copyin the DNA at the ends of each strain. We tend to lose a little bit of this information at the end of the chromosomes when we copy our DNA. We have telomeres to cap off the ends of the chromosomes like aglets.

-Telomeres wear away during the course of cell division. When they they stop diving, the cells enter replicative senescence

progeria

evidence supporting programmed/ genetic theories

-some diseases seem to accelerate certain aspects of aging

>>____________:rare, fatal, genetic condition

>>werner syndrome

progeria

-rare, fatal, genetic condition

-accelerated aging in children

-200-250 children worldwide

-die of cardiovascular problems (usually heart attacks)

-average lifespan: 13 years

-lifespan range: 8-21 years

symptoms

-growth failure

-diminished subcutaneous fat

-hair loss

-aged-looking skin

-joint stiffness

-hip dislocation

-atherosclerosis

-cardiovascular disease

-stroke

-changes in facial features

-high blood pressure

lamin A, progerin

progeria: cause

-mutation in gene LMNA

>>gene: LMNA

>>normal protein: __________ --> functions to hold the cell nucleus membrane together

>>abnormal protein: ___________ --> not good at holding the nucleus membrane together

-sporadic autosomal dominant trait

-almost never hereditary

prostate, cataracts

PROGERIA

similarities with normal aging

-loss of body fat

-balding

-cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis)

-stroke

-aged-looking skin

-shortened telomeres

-high blood pressure

-increased progerin in some cells

differences from normal aging

-absence of increased risk for:

>>__________problems (males)

>>cancer

>>______________

>>diabetes

>>no recorded Alzheimer's disease or other cognitive impairment

arteriosclerosis

hardening of arteries

-type of primary aging

-as people get older, we do see hardening of the arteries

-the artery walls become less elastic so they don't allow for as much flexibility

atherosclerosis

specific type of arteriosclerosis

-plaques -- buildup of fats in/on artery walls

>>restrict blood flow

>>burst --> clot

-causes: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes

-secondary aging is a type of aging associated with disease and happens to a minority of people and often preventable in some cases

LMNA, lamin A, healthy nuclear membrane

progerin and LMNA

typical development:

-gene: _________

-protein: ________

-result: _________

progerin, unhealthy nuclear membrane

progerin and LMNA

progeria

-gene: mutated version

-protein: __________

-result: __________

progerin (links the phenotype of progeria with one of our theories of why primary aging happens)

telomere shortening leads to an increase of _________ production

werner syndrome

-premature aging disease

-begins in adolescence or early adulthood

-results in appearance of old age by 30-40 years

symptoms

-short stature (childhood on)

-wrinkled skin

-baldness

-cataracts

-muscle atrophy

-higher risk for diabetes mellitus

-shorter life span

wrn

werner syndrome: cause

-autosomal recessive trait

-heritable

-gene = _____ on chromosome 8

-role of gene in aging process not yet determined

stroke

werner syndrome

similarties with aging

-balding

-grey hair

-atherosclerosis

-cancer

-osteoporosis

-higher risk for diabetes mellitus

-cataracts

dissimilarities with aging

-prostate problems (males)

-high blood pressure

-____________

-alzheimer's disease and cognitive problems not found

species, hayflick limit, telomeres

evidence for programmed/genetic theories

-maximum life spans vary greatly across _________

-______________: some sort of timing method appears to be built into cells early in life

-___________shorten with increasing age

-genetic mutations lead to disorders that resemble accelerated aging

-there is a correlation between maximum life span and hayflick limit in species but we can't say telomeres are correlated with that

>>although we can say maximum life span and hayflick limit is positively correlated, the telomere length is not correlated

iris

regulates the amount of light entering eye

-part of the eye that is colored

-can change shape and size to regulate the amount of light

retina

light-sensitive tissue at back of eye; converts light to electrical impulses

-light comes through the pupil

-converts light into electrical impulses

-nerves conduct electrical impulses

-nerves carry those electrical impulses to our brain that interprets what we see

lens

clear part of eye behind iris; helps focus light (image) on the retina

-this is the part of the eye replaced for someone with cataracts

-changes the way light is focused on the retina

cornea

helps with focusing; on front of eye

-in front of the pupil

-clear, outer part of the eye that helps with focusing

-includes the pupil, the lens, the iris, the cornea, and muscles that change the shape of the lens

pupil

opening at center of iris; iris adjusts size and controls amount of light that enters eye

optic nerve

bundle of over one million nerve fibers; carries visual messages to brain

accommodation

process during which lens changes shape to focus on near objects or small print

-this process allows us to focus on objects that are near and far

-specifically this is the process in which the lens of the eye changes shape

-object distance: near

-ciliary muscles: contract

-suspensory ligaments: slackened

-muscle tension on lens: low

-lens shape: fat

-object distance: distant

-ciliary muscles: relax

-suspensory ligaments: stretched

-muscle tension on lens: high

-lens shape: thin

contract, slackened, low, fat

accommodation for near objects

-ciliary muscles: ______________

-suspensory ligaments: ______________

-muscle tension on lens: ______________

-lens shape: ___________

relax, stretched, high, thin

accommodation for distant objects

-ciliary muscles: _________

-suspensory ligaments: ___________

-muscle tension on lens: _____________

-lens shape: __________

presbyopia

lens of eye hardens and loses elasticity, decreasing its ability to accommodate

-condition in which the lens of the eye hardens ---> accommodation is more difficult

-when you can't change the shape of the lens as much, that means that accommodation can't take place as well

-hardening of lens --> harder to accommodate

-males the lens less malleable

decreases

accommodation ________ with aging

-lower numbers = poor accommodation

>>dioptres: units of accommodation

-people's eyes get tired

-normal reading distance is 35 cm

-4 dioptres --> read when book is about 25cm from hand

-at age 50, accommodation is about 2 dioptres which is 50cm away and people's arms aren't long enough for that

-as people get older, they need to hold the book farther and farther away

cataracts

clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye

-lens: clear part of eye behind iris; helps focus light (image) on the retina

-glasses won't help at all with the problem

-something is blocking your vision

glaucoma

a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.

-can cause blindness

-tunnel vision

-decreased visual field

macular degeneration

-loss of central vision

-patients are unable to see very clearly in the center of their field of view

-caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, the inside back layer of the eye that records the images we see and sends them via the optic nerve from the eye to the brain. The retina's central portion, known as the macula, is responsible for focusing central vision in the eye, and it controls our ability to read, drive a car, recognize faces or colors, and see objects in fine detail.

floaters

-bits of things in their eyes

-little dots or specs in their field when there is nothing to create that

-becomes common as people age

dark adaptation

-ability typically developing people have. Makes it so that we can change the size of the pupil so we can regulate the amount of light that is let into the eye

-pupil becomes larger when it is dark to let more light into the eye

-pupil becomes larger when it is dark to let more light in to see the image

-going outside with sunlight --> pupils get smaller to have less light in

-as people get older, it becomes more difficult for people to adapt

-decrease in ability to adapt quickly when its dark

-this can cause problems for older adults when this happens because it makes it so they can't drive at night as easily

cilia, amplify

how we hear

-________ moves back and forth --> change signal from air flowing to an electrical impulse sent through nerves

-malleus, incus, and stapes --> three bones in the middle ear

-the bones in the middle ear simply _______ the sounds and send them into the inner ear

sensorineuronal hearing loss

-loss of hearing because of damage to cochlea (or 8th cranial nerve)

-presbycusis: ringing or hissing in one or both ears --> tinnitus

>>sometimes called "old hearing"

>>greater hearing loss for high-pitched sounds

-damage from environmental factors

sensorineuronal hearing loss

loss of hearing because of damage to cochlea (or 8th cranial nerve)

-often comes from damage coming from one of the cranial nerve

-this type of hearing loss has nothing to do with damage to the ear itself

-damage to a set of nerves that communicates with the brain

presbycusis

often called "old hearing"

-characterized by high levels of hearing loss for high pitch sounds

-a type of sensorineuronal hearing loss

-have to most trouble with hearing and distinguishing between high pitched sounds

-the speech of other people will sound mumbled or slurred

>>perception is off

-typical man voice is easier to hear than typical woman voice

-about 30-35% of adults who are aged from 60-65 years have some type of hearing loss. 40-50% of those 70-75 have some type of hearing loss

conductive hearing loss

caused by mechanical or physical blockage of sound

-example: buildup of earwax

1/3, more

prevalence of hearing problems

-age 65+: 1/3 have significant impairment

-_______ prevalent in men than women

-best prevention: limit exposure to loud noise

higher

hearing problems with speech comprehension

-the speech of others seem mumbled or slurred

-high-pitched sounds such as "s" and "th" are difficult to hear and tell apart

-conversations are difficult to understand, especially when there is background noise

-a man's voice is easier to hear than the ________ pitches of a woman's voice

-certain sounds seem annoying or overly loud