World History 1 - Quiz 2 (Notes pages 33-51) - Prof. J

440

Roman Bishop (Leo I) claims supremacy over other bishops

843

Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church

1054

"Great Schism" (East-West) begins (ends 1965)

1204

Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade

1453

Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks

570 - 632

Life of Muhammad

622

The Hegira (Hijra) - year 1 of the Islamic calendar

632 - 661

Beginning of the division leading to Sunni & Shiah Muslim sects

Canonization

- In the RCC, the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into heavenly glory & ordains for the new "saint" a public cult throughout the Church

Ottoman Empire

- Muslim empire of the Turks established in northern Asia Minor by Osman I

- Ultimately capture Constantinople

Seljuk

A Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor

BYZANTIUM - CONSTANTINOPLE - ISTANBUL

- All the same

- Presently known as Istanbul, Turkey

Advantage of Constantinople's site

It was strategically located for commercial & political influence

Expansion

Reign of Justinian

Peril

The iconoclastic controversy:

- Icons were religious images used to foster worship - flat pictures, mosaics

- Iconoclasts (people) tried to destroy all

icons

The veneration (revering) of icons was...

Allowed and they remain a part of Eastern Orthodoxy

Recovery

Byzantium experienced a "Golden Age"

Disintegration

- The Byzantine Empire began to fall apart

- Lost at Manzikert to Muslim Seljuk Turks

Opposed to a barter economy...

It possessed a money economy

Possessed advanced military science

"Greek fire"

- Worked like napalm (a firebomb or flame thrower)

The Empire was a...

Centralized administration

"Caesaropapism"

A kind of church/state link which enhanced unity and stability

GREEK (or) EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH

Theological authority in the three main branches of Christianity

The Orthodox (Greek/Eastern)

The internal witness of the promised Holy Spirit keeps the truth

The RCC asserts spiritual authority in:

- Tradition

- The pope

- The Scriptures

Protestantism asserts that

Spiritual authority rests in the inerrant Word of God (sola scriptura)

Theological: Orthodox theology emphasizes sanctification...

With justification being virtually absent

Barbarian invasions brought...

An upsurge in the Papacy's rise/position/authority

The Pope's claim of supreme authority is also based on these factors which...

Slowly coalesced

Petrine Theory:

- The RCC insists that Christ gave to Peter a special rank as the 1st Bishop of Rome and leader of the apostles

- Peter was the first pope & all subsequent popes inherited his authority

Apostolic succession

Refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the Apostles back to Christ

Terms used interchangeably for the Pope:

The Pope - Papacy (office) - Holy See - Pontiff

The NT has no mention of Peter serving as Bishop of Rome

This is legend

From Peter to Leo there have been...

267 popes

When the pope speaks "Ex-cathedra" (from the chair)...

- Viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in Scripture

- Infallible

The Medieval World, or more commonly termed:

"The Middle Ages"

The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) functioned as...

- The "social cement" of the Middle Ages

- It performed many of the record-keeping, judicial, & welfare functions

Patrick

- "Evangelized" Ireland early in the 5th century

- Facts confused by legend

Clovis

King of the Franks

Spain under the rule of the Arian Visigoths

King Recared officially proclaimed the conversion of the people to Catholicism

Gregory I, aka "Gregory the Great"

- Pope

- He acted as ruler of Rome

- Took measures to promote clerical celibacy

- Affirmed the existence of a place of purification and thus gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory

Purgatory

"A place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the

blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin unpaid..."

Suffering in purgatory

"...Here the soul is purged, cleansed, readied for

eternal union with God in Heaven"

Sacraments

Def: An efficacious sign of grace

The seven sacraments

- Baptism

- Holy Eucharist

- Penance or confession

- Confirmation

- (Matrimony not needed for quiz)

- Holy Orders or ordination

- Extreme Unction

Baptism

- Washes away the stain of Adam's original sin

- Unites person with RCC

Holy Eucharist

- Heart of the Mass worship service

- Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation

At the priest's words, the elements actually become the body and blood of Christ

Penance or confession

- Priest privately listens to a person confessing sins which are then forgiven

- The forgiven sinner is assigned some prayers to say or works to be done as penance

Confirmation

Faith publicly affirmed and the Holy Spirit is received

Holy Orders or ordination

Priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop

Extreme Unction

"Last Rites" given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins

Saints

In the RCC, some may have become canonized "saints"

Relic

A religious object associated with a religious leader, or the body part of such

There are roughly over 1 billion Muslims worldwide

4 times the population of the U.S.

Islam means:

Submission

The birth of Islam is geographically located in:

The Arabian Peninsula

Islam is not

A united, monolithic entity

Large Muslim communities are in:

The 10/40 window

Since the death of Muhammad...

The Traditions of the Hadith,

the Sunnah, & the Shariah have emerged to guide the community

Hadith

Report(s) of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims

The body of authentic hadith reports is considered to...

Embody the Sunnah (custom/example)

of the Prophet Muhammad

Sunnah (or Sunna)

Established custom typically based on Muhammad's example

Shariah

It is ideal Islamic law

Islam's split began with...

Disagreement over Muhammad's successor (Sunnis vs Shiites)

Sunnis upheld the principle

The caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community

Shiites believed

Only Muhammad's descendants/kinsmen could lead

Sunni

The majority party in Islam

Shiah (aka Shiites)

- Identified with Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law Ali (4th Caliph)

- Saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad

Kabba

The shrine in Mecca

Muhammad (involved in caravan trade)

Obtains enough capital to become independently wealthy

According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad has...

A vision of the Angel Gabriel, during which he

hears a voice telling him he is the "Messenger of God"

Muhammad travels

- The journey is known as the Hegira (or Hijra)

- Becomes the starting year for the Muslim calendar

March on Mecca

He destroys the pagan idols in the Kabba & rededicates the shrine to Islam

Abu Bakr

- The first caliph (leader of the Muslim community)

- He essentially launches wars that will dramatically expand the Islamic world

Umayyad (Omayyad) Muslim dynasty

Ali (4th Caliph) is challenged by the Syrian governor Muawiya

- Ali was eventually killed, allowing his rival to seize power

- the caliphate (territory) remained in the hands of Muawiya's family & became known as the Umayyads

Capital is moved from Medina

To Damascus

Abbasid Muslim Dynasty

They moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad

Mongols invaded Muslim lands

Some Mongols converted to Islam

THE QURAN

It was codified after Muhammad's death

Quran means "recite" - the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad

Muslims view it as the final

revelation from God (given by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad) and as the revealed will of God which

corrects/supersedes other revelations

Jihad means:

"Struggle"

Two types of Jihads - Greater:

Individual battle against sin

Two types of Jihads - Lesser:

A holy war

Another Muslim belief (varies given the social/legal climate):

Males can marry up to 4 wives

Muslim view of Jesus Christ

- He did not die on the cross (He was protected from crucifixion)

- A substitute took His place

But that would mean there was NO ATONEMENT!!!!!

(This one gets the heresy stamp for sure)

Christendom

Church & state fused together

Curia became

- "College of Cardinals"

- Created to select a pope

Primogeniture

The right of the eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings

Simony

The buying & selling of spiritual or Church benefits

Franks

Germanic peoples with a kingdom located in modern France & Germany

Charles Martel

- "The Hammer"

- Served as Mayor of the Palace

- Defeated an Islamic army near Tours

Pepin the Great

He gave the pope territory in central Italy which became known as the "Papal States"

Charlemagne Empire:

- Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe

- Enlisted 'missi dominici' (traveling inspectors)

Charlemagne Coronation:

- Rome, Christmas Day

- During mass, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne

Charlemagne took the notion of church-state cooperation by...

Attaching it to Europe, he bequeathed (handed down/passed on) "Christendom" to generations

Charlemagne and the...

Carolingian Renaissance