World Civ Unit 3

1. Ming China 2. Qing Dynasty 3. Japan 4. Korea and Trade 5. Europeans 6. West Africa 7. Slave Trade 8. Effects of Slave Trade

MING CHINA

1. Zhu Yuanzhang

• Founded Ming Dynasty

• Born poor and became a monk

• Joined Red Turbans (rebellion against Mongol Rule)

• Captured Nanjing and founded the Ming dynasty

• Hongwu Emperor/ Ming Taizu - killed people because paranoid

1. Civil Service Exam System

• Mandarins - educated government officials who passed the exam

• Good because different social classes could compete, and officials are educated

• Bad because wealthy people had a huge advantage because they could afford years of studying and tutoring

1. Zheng He and Yongle Emperor

• Yongle Emperor moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing and used terror to control the eunuchs

• Yongle sponsered Zheng He a muslim eunuch who did voyages (which stop because they were expensive)

1. Matteo Ricci

• Jesuit who came to convert and brought knowledge of math and astronomy

What problem did Ming have?

• Pirate Problem

1. Ming Falls

• Built Great Wall against Mongol Threats

• Internal collapse (financial problems) so peasant rebellion which the Manchus took advantage to establish Qing Dynasty

QING DYNASTY

2. Manchus Take Over (Nurhaci founded Qing)

• Keep Ming Systems (examination system, mandate of heaven, bureaucracy, work of eunuchs)

• Their Systems: banner system - organized military, forced hairstyles to keep submission

2. Jesuits Come

• Go to China to spread Christianity

• China kicks them out bc Catholic Church upset

2. Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors

• Kangxi = liked education

• Qianlong = spoke 5 languages and wrote books

2. Qing Trade

• Trade so China expands and gets Tibet, Taiwan, Mongolia, Turkestan

JAPAN

3. Positions/ Rulers

• Shogun = military leader (political power)

• De facto = everyday thing

• De jure = official legal code

• Daimyo feudal lords

What problem did Japan have?

• A pirate problem

3. Leaders/ Unifiers

• Nobunaga

  • Grinds rice

  • Began defeating Daimyos (made them follow authority)

  • Never became Shogun

• Hideyoshi

  • Makes the rice cakes

  • Finished the consolidation of power and got Japan fully under control

  • Never became Shogun

• Tokugawa

  • Ate the rice cake

  • Took over when all the hard work was done

  • Became Shogun

3. Alternate residency system

• Tokugawa made Daimyos build house in Tokyo and live there for a year

• Was expensive, allowed shogun to monitor Daimyo, and weakened their ability to rebel

3. Jesuits came again!!

• Francis Xavier converted lots of Japanese and Daimyos to be Catholic

• Tokugawa did not like this - said he’d kill Catholics and closed off trade

• Matthew Perry Ross came with warships (Japan opened ports to Americans)

KOREA

4. What Problem did Korea have?

• Pirate problem

4. Managing Relationships Between China and Japan

• Hideyoshi (Japan) attacks Korea and Ming (China) helps Korea which costs lots of money and Japan eventually withdraws

4. Reforms

• Used China as a model for reformation

• Before (feudal system, slaves, sharecropping)

• After (civil service exams, bureaucracy, neo-confucianism: education and family)

4. Hanseatic League

• Germany trading regions

EUROPE

5. Wanting Asian Trade

• Wanted money making Asian goods, including silk, spices, etc

5. Europe Parts and Trading Locations

• Spain gets Manila

• Portugal gets Macao and Magaski

• Dutch gets Taiwan, Batavia, and Nagasaka

5. Influence

• Sends Jesuits to Japan and China

• Part of Hanseatic League

WEST AFRICA

6. Senegambia

• Not a unified state - diverse region which these languages separated: Wolof, Serer, and Pulaar

• Age Grade System (organized people by age)

• Women economic contributions important

6. Benin City

• Very wealthy, clean, and a trading center

• In the Great Forest Kingdom

6. Timbuktu

• City in Songhai

• Lots of money and contact with foreign traders

6. Songhai

• From Ghana and Mali empires

• Trade in gold and salt and used Benin as trading post

• Islam = religion (muslim ruler)

• Sonni Ali - king that expanded Songhai

• Muhammad - later ruler that took power and helped expand

• Moroccans with European army attacked and defeated Songhai army

6. Hausaland

• Muhammad Rimfa - ruler

• Islam = religion

• Trading cities: Kano and Katsina

• Traded scholars with Timbuktu

6. Kanam Bornu

• Idris Alooma = military leader

• Islam = religion

  • Converting to Islam allowed access to trade, bureaucracy, and scholars come to convert

• Used feudal system

6. Portugal

• Catholic = religion

• Wants Ethiopia

  • Because of story about African country with Prester John going to Church

  • Need allies

  • Good land and indian ocean influence

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6. Ethiopia

• Coptic Christian

• Emperor = Lebna Dengal

• Challenges:

  • Adal (wanted Ethiopia to convert to Muslim), took over Ethiopia and then Portugal and Ethiopia kicked them out)

  • Jesuits (thought Coptic Christianity was below Christianity and Ethiopia kicked them out)

  • Gala/ aromo (moved into Ethiopia but didn’t want to adopt their culture but Ethiopia wasn’t strong enough to kick them out)

  • Ottomans (powerful because expanding - threatened trade and independence)

6. Swahili City States

• Middlemen connecting African trade with Indian Ocean

• Wealthy from slave trade

6. Kongo

• Catholic

• Traded with Portugal in Atlantic Slave Trade

SLAVE TRADE

7. Slavery Before Atlantic System

• Islams = slavery okay because captives from war

• Enslaved people from: Balkans and Caucasus

• In Africa people enslaved through:

  • Judicial: As a legal punishment.

  • Financial: Sell self to pay off debt

  • Captive: Through warfare or raids.

• Atlantic Slave Trade = bad for Africa because fail to protect people

• Slaves more likely to be servants or crew members rather than agriculture work

7. Transatlantic Slave Trade

• Europe → Africa → New World

• Manufactured Goods (guns, tools) → slaves → agricultural goods (cash crops - sugar, indigo, molasses)

7. Slave Codes

• Danish (earliest)

  • Cruelest (killed most people from slave trade)

  • Tortured slaves to scare slaves to prevent them from wanting to die because they’d have to go through torture

  • Everything for money

• Cape

  • Controlling

  • slaves could speak with other slaves, whistle, go for night walk, etc

• Cuban (latest)

  • Most lenient

  • Didn’t want to provoke revolts

  • Smuggling new slaves very expensive so they didn’t kill as many

  • Marrying owners to reproduce more slaves

EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE

8. Elikia M'Bokolo's Argument

• The slave trade had long-lasting effects

  • Slavery robbed Africa of people and resources and Africa was left underdeveloped

  • Racism (pseudo scientific)