AP World Units 3/4

What technological advancements caused empires to expand so effectively and so far,
between 1450 and 1750?

The lateen sail from the Muslim world, magnetic compass and sternpost from China, Astrolabe and maps from the Islamic world, and gunpowder from China.

What motives caused empires to expand so effectively and so far,
between 1450 and 1750?

1. To spread Christianity

2. To have Asian goods without a Muslim middleman

3. Europe already had connections to Asia

Where was sugar indigenous to?

Southern China or Papua New Guinea

Where was sugar grown?

India and Egypt. India made a crystallization process to make transportation easier.

True or False: Atlantic empires grew on sugar plantations

True, this caused a demand for enslaved Africans

How were the Ottomans able to expand their empire?

They were able to control much of Southwestern Europe through gunpowder weapons. Then, they conquered Constantinople and turned it into Istanbul with gunpowder weapons. They then continued their expansion into Eastern Europe where they ran into another way to bulk up their military: Devshirme

Devshirme

The process of Balkan Christian communities being required to hand over young boys who were then removed from their families, required to learn Turkish, converted to Islam, and trained for civil administration or military service in elite Janissary units. The Ottoman’s used it to staff their Beaurcry and to represent the upward mobility of their empire.

Similarities between the Ottoman and Safavid empire

They both had humble beginnings because they started as small movements, had rapid expansion due to gunpowder, had elite enslaved military forces, and they were both Muslim.

What was the key difference between the Ottoman and Safavid empire?

The Ottomans were Sunni muslim while the Safavid were Shia muslim, leading them to have military conflicts over these religious differences.

How did the Mughal empire expand?

Through a growing military that used gunpowder. Emperor Akbar also helped expand it further

How did attitudes and policies towards Hindus change from the time of Akbar to Aurangzeb?

Akbar recognized the religious division in Mughal India and acted to accommodate the Hindu majority by marrying several of their princesses but not requiring them to convert to Islam. He also supported the building of Hindu temples, softened restrictions on Hindu women such as sati and child marriages, and removed Jizya. Under his rule, the Mughals became the most prosperous empire of the 16th century. However, Aurangzeb reversed Akbar’s policies and south to impose Islam supremacy. Music and dance were now banned and some Hindu temples were destroyed. He also brought back Sita and Jizya.

Sati

When a widow followed her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre.

Jizya

Special taxes on non-Muslims

Safavid-Mughal conflict

A series of wars fought over territory over modern-day Afghanistan. It was originally owned by the Mughals, but the Safavid’s wanted it and ended up winning. They also had religious conflicts where each thought they were the representative of Islam

British/ Dutch East India Company

Companies that retrieved charters from respective governments granting them trading monopolies and the power to make war and govern conquered people.

How did the British/ Dutch East companies change the societies they encountered in Asia?

Both became heavily involved in trade within Asia where there post trading empires slowly evolved into a more conventional form of colonial domination, in which the British came to rule India and the Dutch ruled Indonesia.

What was the the first European state to get it’s “power pants” on?

Portugal

Columbian exchange

The transfer of new disease, foods, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemisphere

What diseases did the Europeans introduce to the Americas during the colonial exchange and did they spread fast or slow?

Smallpox, measles, malaria (carried by mosquitos). They spread incredibly fast and sometimes killed 90% of populations like the Indigenous people

What foods did Europeans bring during the Colombian exchange and how did it affect Indigenous people?

Wheat, olives, grapes, rice, bananas, and sugar. These foods were incorporated into their diet, therefore making their lifespan longer

What foods did the Americas bring during the Colombian exchange and how did it affect Europeans?

Crops like potatoes and maize. These foods contributed to healthier population, leading to longer lifespans, and resulted in population explosion

What animals did the Europeans bring during the Colombian exchange?

Pigs, sheep, and cattle, but most importantly horses. They were used for agricultural work but also allowed Indigenous people to hunt for Buffalos easier, which led to them feeding their population better.

What were the economies in the Americas built by Europeans based on?

Agriculture and mining (AKA farming)

What changed in the Indian Ocean Network during this time period and what stayed the same?

Change: Entrance and massive power grabs of European states into this network. Because of their entrance, profits were increased not only for Europeans, but also many merchants who had always used the network for trade

Continuity: Previous empires such as the Middle East, South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asia continued to use this network. Also, despite growing European dominance on the sea, land routes like the Silk Road was still almost entirely controlled by Asia. Peasant and artisan labor continued in many regions as demand and consumer goods increased as a result of multiplying trade connections.

What were the effects of silver?

It was used to purchase luxury goods from China which satisfied the Chinese need for silver and further developed their economy. Also, goods that silver purchased were traded on the Atlantic system which further enriched all who participated

Social affects due to the growth of the African Slave Trade

Significant gender imbalance because men were preferred to women for the labor, changes in family structures which led to the rise of polygyny, or men marring more than one woman, and cultural synthesis which led to the rise of creole languages in the Caribbean and Brazil

Encomienda system

Used by the Spanish to divide indigenous Americans among Spanish settlers. Americans were forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection. It had nothing to do with land ownership and everything to do with controlling the indigenous population

Repartimiento

Came after Encomienda, was managed directly by the Spanish Crown, and was known as the Mita system in the Incan empire.

Peninsulares

People who were born in Spain who lived in the Spanish colonies of the New World and held the highest positions in colonial society.

Creoles

Spaniards born in the Americas who resented the Peninsulares

Mestizos

Mixed-race population, initially the product of union between Spanish men and Indian women. They were largely hispanic in culture and started because Spanish men thought there weren’t enough Spanish women and the surviving Indian women were given security of life in a Spanish household

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Occurred in Peru during 1780-1781 that was made in the name of the last independent Inca emperor. In the revolt, the wife of the leader was referred to as La Coya, the female Inca, evoking the parallel hierarchies of male/ female official who had earlier governed the Inca empire.

Why was there racial mixing in the Caribbean and Brazil?

Because there was an extensive use of African slave labor in their plantations

How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of southern colonies in British North America

Brazil/ Caribbean focused on sugar trade while the British focused on tobacco, rice, indigo, and later cotton. Conditions were also harder in Brazil/ Caribbean and they had more racial-mixing.

What distinguished the British settler colonies in North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

British settlers rarely had racial mixing, while Latin America featured extensive racial/ cultural mixing. Latin America also used the encomienda and repartimiento models while the British utilized farms and trade hubs. Lastly, British settlers were far more numerous than their counterparts and evolved local traditions of seld-gov.t more than Latin America where bureaucracy governed Spanish colonies.

What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? How did it shape the kinds of societies that arose there

Their economic foundation was commercial agriculture (large scale farming focused on profit) and gold/ silver mining. Native people, rather than Africans or Europeans were forced to provide this labor by colonial authorities. On this economic case, a distinctive social order grew, replicating the Spanish class where male Spanish settlers, or Spaniards, were at the top and were dominant politically and economically.

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade?

Something distinctive was the immense size of traffic in slaves and the centrality to the economics of colonial America. For example, it was the foundational engine for plantation agriculture. The New World slavery also dehumanized slaves, treated them as property, and was based on plantation agriculture.

What did the Atlantic slave trade share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading?

Slaves were treated like “outsiders” to their master’s societies.

Middle Passage

The forced maritime journey of 12.5 million slaves from African societies across the Atlantic

What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade?

There was a need for a source of labor for sugar plantations. Thus, people turned to slaves and through process of elimination, Africa became the primary source for this slave labor because Native Americans perished from European diseases and European indentured servants were expensive and temporary.

What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade?

Europeans had a demand for slaves and their entire enterprise was in their hands. Also, it became a network of exchange because the Europeans had goods Africans wanted, so, the Africans bought these in exchange for trade.

In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?

It slowed Africa’s growth during a time when other countries demographically. Economically, the slave trade created little positive change because Africans who did befit from the trafficking were not investing in the productive capacities of these societies. Socially, it fostered moral corruption. For example, judicial proceedings were manipulated to generate victims of the slave trade. African women were also impacted because men were shipped more to the Americas, so their labor demand increased.

Kingdom of Dahomey

A kingdom that had a vigorous insolvent in the slave trader under strict royal control. Their army conducted annual slave raids and the government soon came to depend on the trade for their central revenues.

Cowrie shells and their legend

They were a way to pay for enslaved humans. A legend in West Africa states that they grow on the corpses of slaves a symbolic representation of the corrupting effects.

Queen Nzinga

A ruler of Matamba who guided the state long complexities and intrigue of various Europeans and African rivalries and gained a reputation for her resistance to Portuguese imperils.