Cell Theory, Levels of Organization, Cell Organelles

Chromatin/DNA

Made of DNA; contains genetic information

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A system of passageways in which proteins are folded, modified, and transported to the plasma membrane or cell exterior

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Transports proteins: has ribosomes on surface

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes lipids

Golgi apparatus

Temporary storage, secretion, and packaging of proteins and fats for secreton; acts like a post office

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) during cellular respiration

Nucleus

Contains DNA—is the control center of the cell; found only in eukaryotic cells

Plasma (cell) membrane

A double layered membrane (Phospholipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; it regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Chloroplast

A plastid that contains chlorophyll, the site of photosynthesis

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function in living things

Tissue

A group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job.

Organ

A structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues to perform a specific function

Organ system

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

An individual living thing

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function in the cell

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First person to observe "animalcules"; Father of Microbiology

Robert Hooke

Named the cell because they looked like the small rooms the monks lived in (cells).

Cell theory

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for life; Cells come from other cells; All organisms are made of one or more cells

Eukaryotic cell

Cells containing a membrane bound nucleus and organelles; larger and more complex; plants, animals, fungi

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles; smaller and simpler; bacteria

Cytoplasm

Suspends the organelles; made mostly of water

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Vacuoles

Storage of water, starch, fats; animals have several small ones

Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes that break down food and waste

Cytoskeleton

Provides shape and allows movement (microfilaments and microtubules)

Centrioles

Move chromosomes during cell division; animal cells only

Cell wall

Supports and protects most cells; outside of the cell membrane; never in an animal cell; all other cells have this

Matthias Schleiden

Discovered plants were made of cells

Theodor Schwann

Discovered animals were made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

Discovered that cells come from other cells

pro-, pre-

before; no

eu-

true

cyto-

cell

chromo-

color

chloro-

green

-nucleus

center

-some, som

body

micro

small

Central vacuole

Water storage area of a plant

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Flagella

Long, whip-like microfilament that helps a cell to move

Cillia

Small, hairlike projections that help a cell to move

Red Blood Cell

Round to carry oxygen and easily pass through blood vessels

Nerve cell

Long projects to send nerve signals to other parts of the body

Cell Size

Limited by Surface Area:Volume Ratio and by the amount of cytoplasm the nucleus can control

Cell Shape

Shape reflects function

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that transports materials within cells.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea.