Myers Psychology for AP 3e - Unit 05

Unit 05 - States of Consciousness

Module 22 - Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

consciousness

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 123, 224)

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 225)

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 226)

dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 227)

Module 23 - Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

sleep

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness — as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.) (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 231)

circadian rhythm

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 231)

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 232)

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 232)

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 233)

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 233, 699)

hypnagogic sensations

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 233)

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 234)

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 235)

Module 24 - Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 244)

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 245)

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 245)

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 246)

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 247)

manifest content

according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 248)

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 248)

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 251)

Module 25 - Psychoactive Drugs

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 253)

substance use disorder

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 253)

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 254)

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 254)

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 255)

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 255)

barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 257)

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 257)

stimulants

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 257)

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 258)

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 259)

amphetamines

drugs, such as methamphetamine, that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 260)

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 260)

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 261)

hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 261)

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 262)

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 262)

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 262)