Psych Exam 2n

Learning

Any change in behavior brought by experience or practice

Classical Conditioning

Association Learning

Operant Conditioning

learning by consequence

Observational learning

modeling and mimicry

stimulus

anything that causes you to respond or react

reflex

an unlearned, involuntary response

Unconditioned Stimulus

naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

Unconditioned Response

an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. A neutral stimulus becomes this because its been learned.

Conditioned Response

the behavior learned due to the conditioned stimulus. A learned reflex response triggered by the conditioned response.

Acquisition

initial period of learning. An organism connects a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present with the conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.

Stimulus Discrimination

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that may be similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that may be similar to the conditioned stimulus even though it was never paired to the unconditioned stimulus.

Reinforcement

any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again

Positive reinforcement

something is added that increases the likelihood of behavior (puppy heels, gets treat)

Negative Reinforcement

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of behavior (remove treat for inappropriate behavior)

Fixed Ratio Schedule

predictable and produces a high response rate, with a short pause after reinforcement

Variable Ratio Schedule

unpredictable and yields high steady response rate, with little if any pause after reinforcement.

Fixed Interval Schedule

yields a scalloped shaped response pattern reflecting a longer pause after reinforcement

Variable Interval Schedule

Unpredictable and produces a moderate steady response rate

steps in the modeling practice

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

encoding

process of your brain taking in information and storing it as memory

Automatic processing

encoding details like time, space, frequency, and meanings of words. Usually done without conscious awareness.

Effortful Processing

encoding of details that takes time and effort

Iconic Encoding

encoding of images

Semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meanings

Thinking

Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information

Selective Attention

Selecting some sources of input for dedicated process

Sustained Attention

Ability to maintain a state of alertness and focus for a longer period of time

Natural Concepts

Created naturally through either direct or indirect experiences ex: our idea of snow

Artificial Concepts

Defined by a specific set of characteristics (strict and unchanged rules) ex: geometric shapes