WOrld geo 2.9-2.12

Assembly Line

A factory system where each worker/machine does one part of making a product.

Bilingual Services:

Government, educational, or commercial programs offered in two languages to assist residents with limited English proficiency.

Bimodal:

Having two distinct, prominent groups or peaks (such as immigrants filling both high-skilled and low-skilled jobs).

Brain Drain

The loss of highly educated or skilled workers who leave their home country to work in another country.

Brain Gain

An increase in educated and skilled workers in a country, often caused by individuals pursuing higher education to migrate or returning with new skills.

Burgeoning

Growing very quickly.

Capacity Building

Developing people's skills and resources so a community becomes stronger.

Capacity Constraints

Limits on how much a system or sector can produce or provide due to a lack of resources, tools, or workers.

Chain Migration

An initial migrant settles in a new area, creating a "pull factor" for friends and family to follow..

Civic Integration

The process through which immigrants and their descendants actively participate in the community, political, and democratic life of their host nation

Conduit

Something or someone that helps move something from one place/group to another.

Culinary Transmission

The spread and adaptation of food traditions between cultures.

Curriculum

What a school teaches.

Demographic Decline

When a population decreases or its growth slows significantly.

Diaspora

A group of people who have left their original homeland and settled in other places around the world.

Disparities:

Significant differences or inequalities between two or more groups, conditions, or regions

Emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another country.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

Money invested by a company or individual in one country into business interests located in another country.

Gateway:

A primary location, city, or region that serves as a main entry point for new immigrants arriving in a country.

GDP

The total value of goods and services produced in a country.

Geographical Dispersion

The spreading of people or groups over a wider geographic area rather than concentrating in one place.

Guest Workers

Temporary economic migrants invited to work in a country for a set time.

Harlem Renaissance

A period of major Black cultural and artistic growth centered in Harlem during the 1920s

Human Capital

The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or a population.

Humanitarian Parole

Temporary permission to enter the U.S. for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit.

Impresario

A person who organizes and finances performances or entertainment events.

Informal Economy

Part of an economy that is not taxed, regulated, or monitored by the government, where workers often lack formal employment contracts.

Internal Migration

Movement within national borders.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Migrants who flee similar threats (natural disasters, persecution) but remain within their home country's borders.

Menial

Low-paying, low-status work that usually requires little training.

Meritocracy

A system where people advance based on ability, effort, and achievement.

Monopoly

When one person/company/group has most or all of the control over something.

Multi-sectoral Task Force

A specialized group combining different government departments or organizations (such as health, labor, and education) to solve a complex issue.

Negative Net Migration

More people leave than enter.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a place.

Offshoring

When a company moves business operations/work to another country

Pedagogy

The methods used for teaching.

Per Capita GDP

GDP divided by the population.

Positive Net Migration

More people enter than leave.

Quota System

A legal system that sets strict numerical limits on how many people from specific countries are allowed to enter or migrate.

Redlining

Denying or restricting loans/mortgages to certain neighborhoods, historically targeting Black communities.

Refugees

Migrants who flee safety threats across international borders.

Reintegration

The process of helping returning migrants resettle and become part of their home country's society and economy again.

Remittances

Money earned by migrant workers in a foreign country and sent back to family or friends in their home nation

Repatriated:

Sent or brought back to one's own country of origin.

Residential Segregation

Different racial or ethnic groups living in separate neighborhoods.

Restrictive Covenants

Housing rules that historically prevented certain racial groups from living in certain neighborhoods.

Return Migration

The movement of migrants back to their country of origin after living in another country.

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities.

Second-Generation:

Individuals who were born in a country to at least one parent who migrated from another foreign country.

Self-Sufficiency

Being able to meet your own needs without depending on outside help.

Sharecropper

A farmer who works someone else's land and pays the owner with part of the crops.

Soundscape

The sounds or music associated with a particular place or culture.

Step Migration

Migration occurring in incremental stages—using intermediate stops—to reduce the risks and costs of long-distance travel.

Studio System

A system where major movie studios controlled much of movie production and distribution.

Suburbanization

The movement of populations away from central urban areas into surrounding suburban residential districts.

Sustainable Development

Improving people's lives today without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Transhumance Migration

Traditional, seasonal movement of pastoral nomads and their livestock based on environmental conditions.

Transnational Migration

Migrants settle in a new country while maintaining home ties.

Vulnerability

The state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked, harmed, or financially hurt.

Xenophobic

Displaying prejudice, fear, or hatred against people from other countries