Bio Unit 3 Part 1 - Blood

What are the functions of blood?

Transportation, Protection, Maintaining and contributing to homeostasis

What does blood transport?

Carries oxygen and nutrients TO the cells and tissues of the body and carries AWAY waste products to the liver and kidneys so the body can get rid of them.

How does the blood protect the body?

It protects it from infections and makes clots that can stop the bleeding after an injury.

How does the blood maintain the body/ contributes to homeostasis?

Regulates body temperature and blood pressure and maintains the body’s pH balance

What are the two main components of blood tissue?

Plasma, formed elements

What is plasma?

The liquid part of blood.

What makes up formed elements?

Cells and cell fragments that are suspended in plasma.

What do formed elements include (list)?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What is another name for Red blood cells (RBC’s?

Erythrocytes

What is another name for White blood cells (WBC’s)?

Leukocytes

What do White blood cells do?

Help fight infection

What do Platelets do?

Help blood clot

What is another name for Platelets?

Thrombocytes

How many litres of the blood is plasma?

2.6 L

How many litres of the blood is formed elements?

2.4 L

What is the normal volume of blood in the body?

4-6 L

What percent of total body weight is whole blood?

7-9

What percent of whole blood is plasma?

55

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

45

What percentage of red blood cells are in the formed elements part of blood?

99+

What accounts for less than 1% of total blood volume?

Leukocytes, Thrombocytes

What is the buffy coat?

After the blood has been spun at high speeds, whole blood separates into plasma and red blood cells with a thin, pale, layer of cells.

Is the buffy coat highly concentrated?

Yes

What colour is the buffy coat?

Lightly tan

Are platelets whole cells or cell fragments?

Cell fragments

What percentage of plasma is proteins?

7

What percentage of plasma is water?

91

What percentage of plasma is other solutes?

2

What are the most abundant proteins dissolved in plasma ?

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin

What is the percentage of blood to total body weight?

8% blood, 92% other fluids and tissues

What are other solutes dissolved in the blood plasma?

Ions, nutrients, waste products, salts, gases, regulatory substances

Which type of white blood cell is there the highest percentage of in blood and how much?

Neutrophils, 60-70

Blood is typically? (In terms of pH)

Alkaline

What is the pH of blood?

7.35-7.45

When blood pH decreases toward neutral, what condition does it create?

Acidosis

What is acidosis?

A condition which there is too much acid in body fluids.

When does acidosis occur?

An overproduction of acid builds up in the blood, too much bicorbonate is lost or too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood due to poor lung function and poor breathing.

Approximately how many million blood pints are donated annually in the USA?

14 million units or 6 million litres

Approximately how many million blood pints are donated annually in Canada?

1 million units

How long is the storage of blood limited to?

6 weeks

What are the most abundant solutes dissolved in plasma called (NOT a list)?

Plasma proteins

Plasma contains what percent of total oxygen transported in blood?

About 3 percent

Plasma contains what percent of total carbon dioxide transported in blood?

About 5 percent

What is the liquid remaining after whole blood clots?

Serum

What does serum contain?

Antibodies

Which of the following substances is NOT a part of the plasma?

All of the above are parts of the plasma

What two categories are Leukocytes split into?

Granular, Agranular

List examples of granular leukocytes.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

List examples of agranular leukocytes.

Lymphocytes and monocytes

How many Red Blood cells are in blood?

4.2 to 6.2 million/mm^3

How many White blood cells are there in blood?

5000 to 10000 /mm^3

What is another name for red bone marrow?

Myeloid tissue

What does myeloid tissue produce?

Almost all red blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes

What are most of the other blood cells formed by?

Lymphoid tissue

Where is lymphoid tissue located?

Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen

What are red blood cells an excellent example of?

How structural adaptation affects biologic function.

Why can Red Blood cells easily pass through small capillaries?

Due to their tough and flexible plasma membrane that allows them to deform easily

What shape are Red Blood Cells?

Biconcave disks

What does biconcave mean?

Shape of a flat disk where both sides have shallow, bowl-like indentations. Thinner centers and thicker sides.

Why is the shape of a Red Blood Cell useful?

Because it results in a large cellular surface area.

What do Red Blood cells lack?

Nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles which limit its life span

Why do Red Blood cells lack a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles?

To make more space for Hemoglobin (Hb)

What is Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron in Red Blood cells helps HOLD and carry the oxygen and carbon dioxide as blood moves throughout the body and gives Red Blood cells their colour.

What is the average lifespan of a Red Blood cell?

120 days

What respiratory gases do Red Blood cells transport?

Oxygen away from heart, Carbon dioxide to the heart

What is Oxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin + Oxygen

What is Carbaminohemoglobin?

Hemoglobin + Carbon dioxide

What happens to Carbon Dioxide inside Red Blood cells?

It is converted to bicorbonate, which helps the body maintain its pH level.

What are two examples of blood test types?

Complete blood cell count, Hematocrit

What is another name for Complete blood cell count?

CBC

What is another name for Hematocrit?

Packed cell volume, PCV

What is a CBC?

It measures Red blood cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, White blood cells and platelets and can show when call counts are higher or lower than standard results.

What is a PCV?

The test that determines the percentage of Red Blood cells in whole blood.

Which letter is an example of normal Hematocrit?

A

Which letter is an example of low Hematocrit?

B

Which letter is an example of high Hematocrit?

C

What are all of the blood types?

A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB-, AB +

What are the 4 blood type categories?

A, B, O, AB

What is an antigen?

Any substance that can trigger an immune response if it is foreign to the body.

Why does our immune system not attack our own antigens?

Because it recognizes them as part of our body and does not treat them as foreign.

What type of antigens are in the Red Blood cells of Type A Blood?

Type A antigens

What type of antigens are in the Red Blood cells of Type B Blood?

Type B Antigens

What type of antigens are in the Red Blood cells of Type AB Blood?

Type A and B antigens

What type of antigens are in the Red Blood cells of Type O Blood?

No Type A or B antigens

What is the relationship between blood types and antigens?

Antigens act as markers that determine your blood type.

What type antibodies are present in Type A blood plasma?

Anti-B Antibodies

What type antibodies are present in Type B blood plasma?

Anti-A Antibodies

What type antibodies are present in Type AB blood plasma?

No Anti-B and Anti A Antibodies

What type antibodies are present in Type O blood plasma?

Anti-B and Anti A Antibodies

Where are antigens found?

On the surface of Red Blood cells and act as markers

Where are antibodies found?

In the blood plasma

What determines your A/B/O Blood type?

Which A and/or B antigens are present on your Red Blood cells

What is the universal donor blood?

Type O-

What is the universal recipient blood?

Type AB+

What does the “+” after a blood type mean?

There is a Rh antigen present in Red Blood cells

What does the “-” after a blood type mean?

There is no Rh antigen present in Red Blood cells.

Do anti-Rh antibodies naturally exist in plasma?

No

When can a person who is Rh-negative naturally have anti-Rh antibodies?

If Rh-positive Red Blood cells have been introduced into their bodies.

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A rare pregnancy complication that occurs when a mother’s Rh antibodies attack the fetus’s Rh-positive cells since it has a blood type that is incompatible with the mother’s.

How can erythroblastosis fetalis occur?

When a mother that is Rh-negative and has developed anti-Rh antibodies due to being exposed to Rh-positive blood due to having carried her first fetus that was Rh-positive.