Neuropathic pain

What are the four processes involved in the pathophysiology of pain?

Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception.

Neuropathic pain specifically involves central sensitization and _____.

Ectopic neural discharges.

Which process, alongside ectopic neural discharges, is central to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain?

Central sensitization.

Which mnemonic method is used for the assessment of pain symptoms?

PQRSTU method.

In pain assessment, what does the abbreviation VAS represent?

Visual Analogue Scale.

In pain assessment, what does the abbreviation NRS represent?

Numerical Rating Scale.

What are the primary risk factors for nociceptive pain?

Tissue damage or inflammation.

Diabetes and nerve injury are risk factors specifically associated with _____ pain.

Neuropathic.

Name the specialized diagnostic tool for neuropathic pain that begins with the acronym 'DN'.

DN4.

Name the specialized diagnostic tool for neuropathic pain that begins with the acronym 'LA'.

LANSS.

Which pharmacological class occupies Step 1 of the WHO Pain Relief Ladder?

Non-opioids.

List two examples of non-opioid medications used in Step 1 of the WHO ladder.

Acetaminophen and NSAIDs.

Which pharmacological class occupies Step 2 of the WHO Pain Relief Ladder?

Weak opioids.

Identify the specific medication listed as an example of a Step 2 weak opioid.

Codeine.

Which pharmacological class occupies Step 3 of the WHO Pain Relief Ladder?

Strong opioids.

Identify the specific medication listed as an example of a Step 3 strong opioid.

Morphine.

Which class of adjuvant medications is considered essential for treating neuropathic pain?

Gabapentinoids.

Identify the specific Gabapentinoid medication used as an adjuvant for neuropathic pain.

Pregabalin.