Phase Behavior and Particulate Model of Matter

Vocabulary flashcards covering phase behavior, gas laws, PEC diagrams, classification of matter, and energy changes during phase transitions.

Intensive Properties

Properties of matter that are independent of the amount of substance present, such as density, $T_B$, solubility, and thickness.

Extensive Properties

Properties of matter that depend on the amount of substance present, listed as mass, $V$, $P$, and $T$.

Triple Point

The specific state where all three physical phases of a substance exist together.

Ideal Gas Law

The equation $PV = nRT$, which applies when gas particles are at high $T$ and low $P$ and do not interact.

Gas Constant ($R$)

The constant in the ideal gas equation with a value of $0.08205$.

Supercritical Fluid

A state of matter where one can no longer distinguish between the liquid ($L$) and gas ($G$) phases.

Boiling Temperature ($T_B$)

A property that serves as a measure of the strength of interaction between particles.

High Vapor Pressure ($VP$)

Characteristics of a substance that is most volatile, has the lowest $T_B$, weaker particle interactions, and highest $PE$.

Low Vapor Pressure ($VP$)

Characteristics of a substance that is least volatile, has the highest $T_B$, strongest particle interactions, and lowest $PE$.

Temperature ($T$)

A physical measurement that represents the average kinetic energy ($KE$) of particles.

Energetically Favored State

In PEC diagrams, the condition or state characterized by having low potential energy ($PE$).

Entropically Favored State

In PEC diagrams, the condition or state characterized by having a higher number of configurations ($\# C$).

Particulate Model of Matter

A foundational model based on three basic assumptions: 1) substances are made of a large number of small particles, 2) particles constantly move in different directions, and 3) particles interact with each other.

Elementary Substance

A substance composed of only a single element.

Compound

A substance composed of two or more different elements.

Atomic Substance

A substance composed of individual single atoms ($1\text{ atom}$).

Molecule

A chemical species consisting of 2 or more of the same or different atoms.

Ionic Compound

A compound formed from a metal and a non-metal.

Covalent Compound

A compound formed between non-metals.

Phase Change

A transition in state that corresponds directly to a change in potential energy ($PE$).

Heating Energy Dynamics

The process where energy ($E$) is absorbed during a phase change, or given to induce it.

Cooling Energy Dynamics

The process where energy ($E$) is released during a phase change, or extracted to induce it.