PPY 2540 - Central Endocrine Glands

the endocrine system consists of ___ glands scattered throughout the body

secretary

the primary function of ___ hormones is regulation of hormone secretion by an endocrine gland

trophic

effective plasma concentration of a hormone is influenced by ___ secretion, ___ conversion, transport, ___, and excretion

hormone, peripheral, inactivation

the effective plasma concentration of a hormone is normally regulated by changes in the __ of its secretion

rate

negative feedback control: ___ of a system counteracts a change in ___

output, input

neuroendocrine reflexes: produce sudden ___ in hormone secretion in response to a ___

increase, specific stimulus

diurnal rhythms: repetitive __ in hormone levels that __ every __

oscillations, cycle, 24 hours

__ in plasma cortisol concentration allows our body to __ in evening

drop, rest

__ in plasma cortisol concentration gets us ready in the __

spike, morning

endocrine disorders result from hormone ___ or deficiency or __ target-cell responsiveness

excess, decreased

hypo secretion: too __ hormone is secreted

little

primary hypo secretion: failure of ___

adrenal gland itself

secondary hypo secretion: failure of __

trophic hormone (control mechanism)

Hypersecretion: too __ hormone is secreted

much

Hypersecretion can cause: __ and __ factors

tumors and immunologic

possible causes for abnormal target-cell responsiveness is __ syndrome

testicular feminization

the hypothalamus is the __ control center

homeostatic

the hypothalamus is the main link between the __ and __ systems

nervous and endocrine

in the hypothalamus different __ control different functions

nuclei

the hypothalamus is the bridge between the __ and the __ system

peripheral and nervous

Combined the posterior and anterior pituitary produce __ hormones

7

the posterior pituitary produces what two hormones

oxytocin and vasopressin

neurohormones are released into the blood through __

veins

vasopressin flows to __ in kidneys and __ throughout the body

nephrons, arterioles

Vasopressin flows to nephrons in kidneys which __ permeability of __ and collecting tubules to __

increases, distal, H2O

Vasopressin flows to arterioles throughout the body which causes __

vasoconstriction

Oxytocin flows to the __ and __ glands

uterus and mammary

Oxytocin flows to the uterus which stimulates __

uterine contractions

Oxytocin flows to mammary glands which stimulates milk __ during __

ejection, breast feeding

Posterior pituitary: oxytocin contains __ contractions, lactation, and is known as the __ hormone

uterine, love

oxytocin is a __ feedback loop

positive

ADH/Vasopressin acts on the kidneys to __ water

conserve

ADH/Vasopressin causes __ water lost through urine, __ water resorbed in renal tubules

less, more

ADH stands for __ hormone

antidiuretic

side effects of ADH is increased fluid volume, __ BP, increased thirst, __ urine output

Increased, decreased

the anterior pituitary neurons synthesize __ neurohormones release them into __ of the portal system

trophic, capillaries

anterior pituitary portal veins carry the trophic __ directly to the __ pituitary where they act on the __ cells

neurohormones, anterior, endocrine

the anterior pituitary endocrine cells release their __ hormones into the second set of capillaries for __ to the rest of the body

peptide, distribution

anterior pituitary releases hormones to __ target organs

5

prolactin is to __

mammary glands

Growth Hormone (GH) is to

musculoskeletal system

Thyroid stimulating hormone is to

thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

adrenal cortex

Gonadotropins (Adrenocorticotropic hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) are to

ovary and testis (gonads)

somatotropes

growth hormone

thyrotropes

thyroid stimulating hormone

corticotropes

ACTH. stress hormone

gondotropes

follicle stimulating hormone. luteinizing hormone

Lactotropes

prolactin

Hormone: TRH- effect on the anterior pituitary: stimulates release of __ and prolactin

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Hormone: CRH - Effect on anterior pituitary: stimulates release of __

Corticotropin (ACTH)

Hormone: GnRH - Effect: Stimulates release of ___ and ___

FSH and LH (gonadotropins)

Hormone: GHRH - Effect: Stimulates release of __

GH

Hormone: Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; GHIH) - Effect: Inhibits release of __ and __

GH and TSH

Hormone: Prolactin releasing peptide (PrRP) - Effect: Stimulates release of __

PRL

Hormone: Dopamine - effect: inhibits release of __

prolactin

target gland hormones inhibit __ and __ pituitary hormone secretion via __ feedback

hypothalamic, anterior, negative

list the three hormone sequence:

hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-target endocrine gland

Neural input/hormonal input goes to hypothalamic neurosecretory neuron then secretes hormone one then enters a __ portal system leading to __

short, anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary goes to systemic circulation goes to ___

target endocrine gland

target endocrine gland secretes hormone 3 then goes through systemic circulation which then goes to __

target cell

growth depends on __ but is influenced by other factors

GH

GH is essential for __ but it also directly exerts __ effects not related to growth

growth, metabolic

GH mostly exerts its growth promoting effects indirectly by stimulating __ like growth factors

insulin

Hypertrophy: __ in cell size

increase

Hyperplasia: increase in __ of cells

number

Mature nongrowing bone: osteocytes __ from active bone forming duty

retire

GH control of bone growth: GH causes bones to grow in both __ and in __ via IGF-1

length and thickness

Pituitary defect: __ of growth hormone

lack

Hypo secretion as a child is one cause of __

dwarfism

Hypersecretion is one cause of __

gigantism

Hypothalamus regulates actions in the __

pituitary

how is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

axons

how is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary

axons

what regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary?

hypothalamus