OT 433 Midterm #2

what is the 3-component model of vision?

visual processing

visual integrity

visual efficeny

What is visual processing as part of the 3-component vision model?

Visual spatial, visual analysis, and visual motor

what is visual efficency as part of the 3-component vision model?

Accommodation, binocular vision, and eye movements

what is visual integrity as part of the 3-component model of vision?

acuity and refractive error

what type of visual receptive function do you need to read?

central visual acuity, accommodation, saccades, fixation, and convergence.

What is the difference between laterality and directionality?

laterality is the ability to understand right/left, up/down, front/back on one’s own body, while directionality is the ability to project this awarness into onjects outside of one’s own body (like catching a ball)

what is the difference between convergence and divergence?

convergence is when both eyes turn inward medially, while divergence is when both eye’s turn outward

What age would you expect to see a decrease in reversals (writing numbers backwards)?

around 2nd grade, 7/8 years of age

diabetic retinopathy nonproliferative phase

microaneurysms form, leads to retinal edema and decreased acuity

diabetic retinopathy proliferative stage

new blood vessels grow in the retina which easily rupture may cause permenant vision loss

symptoms of diabteic retinopathy

scotomas (black spots in vision), some may experience complete vision loss, decreased contrast sensitivity, problems with nigh driving

age-related macular degeneration

progressive, irreversible loss of central vision but retains peripheral

what can help decrease your risk of getting AMD?

diet, exercise, and us of UV lenses

How can indvidual compensate for AMD?

using eccentric viewing (looking slightly away from periphery view)

what are the two types of macular degeneration?

wet and dry (most common)

which type of AMD causes more damage and more rapid loss of central vision?

wet type

what are the avaliable treatments for AMD?

no effective treatment for dry

for wet medications can slow growth of abnormal blood vessels and surgery, such as laser

glaucoma

increased fluid in the eye, ultimately leading to progressive optic nerve damage and loss of peripheral visual function, which may progress to total blindness

treatments for glaucoma?

routine eye exams to catch glacoma early,, medicated eye drops to reduce eye pressure (reduce risk of getting or slowing pressure build-up).

does glaucoma progress quickly or slowly?

it progresses slowly

can glaucoma be cured?

no, but porgression can be slowed

how is it detected and treated?

detected through routine eye exams that meausre pressure of the eye and examine the optic nerve. If pressure is high in the eye you can be give medicated eyedrops to reduce pressure.

cataracts

clouding of the lens of the eye and reduces light transmission to the retina resulting in; cloudy or blurred vision, faded colors, glare, and poor night vision.

by age 75, what percentage of adults will have cataract problems?

70%

What are risk factors for cataracts?

other health problems (diabetes, high blood prssure, & obesity), behavioral factors (smoking), and other environmental factors like prolonged exposure to UV rays, previous eye trauma, long-term teriod use, family history.

what treatments are avaliable for cataracts?

removing and replacing the lens of the eye with a synthetic one

Why is it the leading cause of blindness in older adults in the least developed nations?

access to operations is not available and higer UV exposure

homonymous hemianopsia

bitemporal hemianopia

optic nerves connecting left and right eyes is impaired. Resulting in vision loss of both eyes on temple side

total right eye visual loss

optic nerves leading the right side of the eye are impaired. Loss of vision in the right eye.

left nasal hemianopia

optic nerve fiber closest to temple is severed resulting in vision loss of the left eye nearest the nose.

right homonymous hemianopia

optice nerve leading to the right side are severed before they cross. This leads to cut visual fields of both eyes on the right side.

left homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

optic nerves are cut closest to the visual cortex, with central vision in tact while left sides of visual field of each eye cut.

how might activites of someone with a VFD be impacted?

spatial navigation and scanning can make reading and driving dififcult

what is the most common birth defect among infants born in the US?

congenital heart disease (CHD)

ventricualr spetal defects (VSD)

most common CHD, blood flows from L → R. Symptoms; feeding problems, fatigue and fast breathing, delayed growth

teralogy of fallot

decreased pulmonary blood flow. ventricular septal defect, narrowing of pulmonary artery valva, R ventricular hypertrophy, blood flows from R to L ventricle

why does tertalogy of fallot result in cyanosis?

it causes blood to mix into the body’s main circulation instead of traveling to the lungs to get oxygen

what major heart changes happen with infants after birth?

foramen ovale (hole between R and L atria) must close, ductus arteriosus must close

what are the typical vital signs for adults?

heart rate: 60 to 100 bpm

what are the typical vital signs for an infant?

heart rate: 100 to 250 bpm

conduction disturbances (dysrhythmia)

common after surgery and can be detected by an electrocardiogram

bradycardia

slow HR, less than 60 BPM,

symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, confusion, fainting, SOB, chest pain

tachycardia

fast resting HR at least 100 bpm

supraventricular tachycardia: 200-300 bpm

symptoms: fluttering or pouding in the chest, chest discomfort, sweating, nausea, fainting, lightheaded

cystic fibrosis

thick secretions block pancreatic ducts, bronchial tree, and digestive tract. Chronic lung infections, degeneration of body funcitons

OT role in cystic fibrosis

energy conservation techniques, prevocational, support groups w/precautions (ppl with CF cannot be by each other), daily routine and interprofessional practice (oscilliation vests, fitness, nutrition).

asthma

chronic inflammatory disorder, often associated with allergies. Inflammation of mucous membrane and spasms of bronchioles.

symptoms of asthma

airway constriction, difficulty breathing, and wheezing

OT role is asthma

education (pacing activites and responding calmly to stress), medication management (inhalers, nebulizers, steroids), mgmt of asthma, breathing exercises and stretching

is it harder to breathe in or out during an asthma attack?

out

diagnostic tools used to assess adults with cardiac insufficiency?

Borg perceived exertion scale (perceived intensity of physical activity), metabolic equivalent- IADL’s have higher metabolic demands than ADL’s.

In Rogers article, what developmental disorders, delays or disabilities need interventions?

global development delays, motor delays, sensory processing, self-regulation, feeding, difficulties. School-readiness delays, fine/visual motor and coordination delays, congitive and adaptive functioning difficulties

What is Jean Ayres defintion of sensory integration

the organization of sensation for use

what are proximal senses?

tactile (info through the hands and skin), vestibular (info about head position through inner ear), vestibular (movement and balance through joint and muscles)

sensory diet

a planned schedule of sensory activites that provides input at specific intervals and levels of intensity throughout the day to support optimal functioning

term goal is to self-regulate by seeking out what they need, but children need support.

how can hypo-responsiveness of sensory information impact a child?

safety concerns. Like, touching a hot stove and not knowing it

how can hyper-responsiveness of sensory information impact a child?

co-exsists with anxiety for populations with ASD

sensory modulation

CNS knows when to respond or ignore stimuli, doesn’t overreact or underact, fluctuations with different times of day and settings. Can be under/over responsive leading to impacts on children.

sensory discrimination & preception: visual

distinguishing b vs d, but letter reversals are typical until around ages 6-7.

sensory discrimination & preception: auditory

hearing the difference between doll vs tall

sensory discrimination & preception: taste (gustatory)

hypertasting

sensory discrimination & preception: tactile

problem distinguishing items from touch alone. Poor tactile discrimination affects feedback for FM movements

sensory discrimination & preception: proprioception

difficulty with body scheme can lead to being clumsy and bumping into things for often than the typical person