Pediatric Nursing: Toddler Development and Assessment (1 - 3 Years)

Comprehensive review flashcards covering Freud, Erikson, Piaget, psychosocial growth, language milestones, health screenings, vital signs, physical growth, nutrition, and physical assessment for toddlers (1 - 3 years).

Anal Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage in toddlers where gratification is derived from gaining control over body excretions.

Harsh Toilet Training Complication (Freud)

Developmental stagnation resulting from mismanagement through overly harsh elimination training.

Elimination Rituals Assessment (Freud NC)

Nursing inquiry into the child's specific words and rituals for elimination in order to continue normal patterns of elimination.

Toileting Regression (Freud NC)

A temporary return to earlier toileting habits that should be accepted during periods of toddler illness or hospitalization.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

Psychosocial stage of toddlerhood characterized by increasing independence, seeking control, and frequently saying "no".

Toddler Negativism (Erikson)

The frequent response of saying "no" as a means to express independence and seek control.

Shame and Doubt Etiology (Erikson)

Feelings of personal shame and doubt in one's own abilities caused by constant criticism for expressing independence or lack of control.

Self-Feeding Opportunities (Erikson NC)

Nursing intervention allowing the toddler to practice independence by feeding themselves using fingers and utensils.

Hygiene Autonomy (Erikson NC)

Encouraging toddlers to remove and put on their own clothes, brush their teeth, or assist with hygiene routines.

Providing Choices (Erikson NC)

Offering toddlers simple choices when possible (such as choice of juice) to foster independence and control.

Non-Negotiable Tasks (Erikson NC)

Routine obligations, such as "time for medicine," where no choice exists and none should be offered.

Sensorimotor to Preoperational Transition (Piaget)

Cognitive period spanning the end of the sensorimotor stage and the beginning of the preoperational stage in toddlers.

Toddler Exploration Behavior (Piaget)

Curiosity-driven behavior where language skills improve and toddlers actively investigate their physical environment.

Object Permanence (Piaget)

The well-developed cognitive understanding in toddlers that objects and people continue to exist even when not seen.

Stranger Anxiety and Departure Distress (Piaget)

Extreme anxiety or distress experienced by a toddler when a parent leaves or when encountering strangers.

Object Manipulation Environment (Piaget NC)

Ensuring the toddler's physical surroundings provide opportunities to handle, manipulate, and explore objects.

Clear Instructions (Piaget NC)

Communicating with toddlers using simple explanations, clear short instructions, and descriptions of what you are doing.

Object Naming (Piaget NC)

Nursing practice of naming surrounding objects and tools to support cognitive and language expansion.

Parallel Play

Play style where toddlers enjoy the company of other children and play side by side, trading toys and words, without engaging in socially interactive play.

Imitative Behavior

Play activities where toddlers mimic domestic routines observed at home, such as pounding with a hammer or talking on the phone.

Gross/Fine Physical Play Skills

Physical play activities observed in toddlers, including pushing and pulling objects, climbing, running, riding a tricycle, turning book pages, and scribbling.

Cognitive Play Skills

Problem-solving play activities involving object manipulation, such as stacking blocks or placing rings on a tower.

Stress Release Through Play

The psychological and physical venting of emotional tension achieved through active toddler play.

Toddler Vocabulary at Onset

Language ability at the beginning of toddlerhood consisting of only $4 - 6\text{ words}$ besides "mama" and "dada".

18-Month Vocabulary Milestone

Language milestone where a toddler typically speaks approximately $50\text{ words}$.

24-Month Language Milestone

Language milestone where a toddler speaks approximately $400\text{ words}$ and uses $2 - 3\text{ word phrases}$.

3-Year-Old Vocabulary Milestone

Language milestone by the end of toddlerhood (age $3$) consisting of almost $1{,}000\text{ words}$ and short sentences.

Receptive Speech

The ability to understand spoken words, which far outpaces expressive speech during toddlerhood.

Expressive Speech

The ability to produce and speak words, which develops at a slower pace than receptive speech in toddlers.

Nonverbal Toddler Communication

Communication methods including pointing, pulling an adult over to an object, and speaking in expressive jargons.

Expressive Jargons

Toddler vocalizations characterized by unintelligible strings of sounds spoken with expressive, adult-like cadence and inflections.

Negative Behavior Management

Technique involving verbalizing feelings, setting clear conditions for cessation of behavior, and ignoring further negative behavior.

Soothing Upset Toddlers

Calming techniques that upset toddlers respond well to, including holding, rocking, and stroking.

Bilingualism in Toddlers

The concurrent acquisition and exposure to two spoken languages during the toddler development years.

Communication NC: Advance Notice

Guideline advising against telling toddlers about events or procedures far in advance to minimize prolonged anxiety.

Communication NC: Emotional Expression and Safe Space

Providing a safe physical environment that allows toddlers to experience and feel their emotions.

Communication NC: Restraint and Procedural Support

Restraining the toddler safely if needed during procedures, utilizing Band-Aids, and allowing them to choose a reward.

Communication NC: Praise and Comfort

Praising the toddler for cooperation and comforting them through rocking, offering favorite drinks, playing music, or holding.

Toddler Concept of Death

The cognitive understanding in toddlers that death is only temporary and reversible.

Negativism Etiology

Emotional response where toddler frustration with communication and physical limitations leads directly to oppositional behavior.

"Terrible Twos"

Colloquial term describing the period marked by temper tantrums, intense emotionality, and behavioral opposition.

Toddler Egocentrism

The cognitive and emotional inability of a toddler to see situations or the world from another person's perspective.

Separation Anxiety

Developmental distress, crying, or protest triggered by physical separation from primary parental figures.

Injury Prevention: Car Seat

Safety measure requiring an age- and size-appropriate car restraint system to protect toddlers during vehicular travel.

Injury Prevention: Childproofing

Environmental precautions implemented in the home to prevent poisoning, falls, and drowning.

Injury Prevention: Tricycle Helmets

Mandatory safety practice requiring toddlers to wear protective headgear when riding a tricycle.

Injury Prevention: Stranger Safety

Supervision and early boundary training to protect toddlers from stranger-related risks.

Oral Health Exam

Routine health screening recommended in toddlerhood to evaluate deciduous dentition and hygiene practices.

Lead Screening

Pediatric health screening performed to identify environmental exposure to toxic lead levels.

Anemia Screening

Laboratory screening conducted during toddlerhood to detect iron deficiency or low hemoglobin levels.

Autism Screening Age Range

Standard developmental screening recommended specifically between $18\text{ and }24\text{ months}$ of age.

2-Year Weight Milestone

Growth milestone where a child's birth weight is quadrupled by $2\text{ years}$ of age.

2-Year Height Milestone

Linear growth milestone where a child reaches approximately $1/2$ of their anticipated adult height by $2\text{ years}$ of age.

Toddler Body Proportion Changes

Anatomical transformation resulting in longer legs and a comparatively smaller head relative to trunk size.

"Potbellied" Appearance

Normal toddler physical appearance characterized by a prominent protruding abdomen due to immature abdominal wall muscles.

Toddler Base of Support

Normal standing posture where the toddler stands with feet positioned wide apart to maintain balance.

Deciduous Teeth Completion Age

Dental development milestone where the primary dentition is fully complete at $33\text{ months}$.

Primary Dentition Count

The total number of deciduous teeth present when primary dentition is complete, totaling $20\text{ teeth}$.

12-Month Immunizations

Vaccine schedule consisting of Hep A, MMR, Varicella, Hib, PCV, and Flu/covid.

15-Month Immunizations

Vaccine schedule consisting of DTaP and Flu/covid.

18-Month Immunizations

Vaccine schedule consisting of Hep A and Flu/covid.

Normal Rectal Temperature (Toddler)

Acceptable vital sign range of $97.9^\circ\text{F}\,(36.6^\circ\text{C}) - 100.4^\circ\text{F}\,(38^\circ\text{C})$.

Normal Oral Temperature (Toddler)

Acceptable vital sign range of $95.9^\circ\text{F}\,(35.5^\circ\text{C}) - 99.5^\circ\text{F}\,(37.5^\circ\text{C})$.

Normal Axillary Temperature (Toddler)

Acceptable vital sign range of $97.8^\circ\text{F}\,(36.5^\circ\text{C}) - 99.5^\circ\text{F}\,(37.5^\circ\text{C})$.

Normal Ear Temperature (Toddler)

Acceptable tympanic vital sign range of $96.4^\circ\text{F}\,(36.7^\circ\text{C}) - 100.4^\circ\text{F}\,(38^\circ\text{C})$.

Normal Toddler Heart Rate

Acceptable resting cardiac rate ranging from $80\text{ to }110\text{ beats per minute}$.

Normal Toddler Blood Pressure

Acceptable blood pressure range of $85 - 105 / 40 - 65\text{ mmHg}$.

Minimum Toddler Systolic Threshold

Systolic blood pressure parameter designated as $<70+\text{ SBP}$.

Normal Toddler Respiratory Rate

Acceptable resting breathing rate ranging from $24\text{ to }40\text{ breaths per minute}$.

Monthly Weight Gain (12 - 18 Months)

Physical growth rate consisting of gaining $8\text{ oz or more per month}$.

Yearly Height Growth (1 - 2 Years)

Linear skeletal growth rate resulting in an increase of $3.5 - 5\text{ inches}$ during the year.

Anterior Fontanelle Closure

Cranial developmental milestone occurring between $12\text{ and }18\text{ months}$ of age.

Block Stacking Milestone (12 - 18 Months)

Fine motor coordination ability to build a tower of $4\text{ blocks}$.

Scribbling Milestone (12 - 18 Months)

Fine motor skill involving scribbling spontaneously on paper.

Undressing Milestone (12 - 18 Months)

Fine motor and self-care milestone where the toddler can undress self.

Ball Throwing (12 - 18 Months)

Motor milestone where the toddler demonstrates the ability to throw a ball.

Locomotion Progression (12 - 18 Months)

Gross motor development showing growing ability to walk, finally walking with ease, and running.

Stair Climbing (12 - 18 Months)

Gross motor skill of walking up and down stairs after learning to walk with ease.

Push-and-Pull Toys (12 - 18 Months)

Gross motor play activities utilizing push-and-pull items to support stable ambulation.

Toddler Visual Acuity (1 - 2 Years)

Normal sensory vision measurement of $20/50$ during the second year of life.

Yearly Weight Gain (2 - 3 Years)

Physical growth metric consisting of gaining $3 - 5\text{ lb./year}$ between $24\text{ and }36\text{ months}$.

Yearly Height Growth (2 - 3 Years)

Linear growth rate consisting of growing $2 - 2.5\text{ inches/year}$ between $24\text{ and }36\text{ months}$.

Form Drawing Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Fine motor achievement of drawing a circle and other rudimentary forms.

Pouring Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Fine motor skill where the toddler learns to pour liquids or small items.

Dressing Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Self-care achievement where the toddler learns to dress self.

Jumping Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Gross motor milestone where the toddler acquires the ability to jump.

Ball Kicking Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Gross motor milestone where the toddler successfully kicks a ball.

Overhand Throw Milestone (24 - 36 Months)

Gross motor achievement where the toddler throws a ball specifically OVERHAND.

Physiologic Anorexia

A normal decrease in appetite occurring when the extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow down to match the moderate growth rate of toddlerhood.

Toddler Intake Perception

Parental anxiety arising from the observation that their toddler appears to be eating very little.

Nutritional Balance Over Time

Principle that toddler dietary intake assessed over several days or a week is generally sufficient and balanced to meet metabolic demands.

High-Sodium Processed Foods to Replace

Unhealthy items including hotdogs, microwaved meals, and fast foods that should be replaced with fresh alternatives.

Fresh Food Alternatives

Nutrient-dense options recommended to replace high-sodium processed foods in a toddler's diet.

Easy to Prepare Fresh Foods

Healthy meal choices for toddlers including sliced meats, cheese, tofu, fruits, and veggies.

Nutritious Toddler Snacks

Healthy snack options including yogurt, cheese, milk, sliced bread with peanut butter, thinly sliced fruits, and soft veggies.

Toddler Meal Schedule

Feeding schedule where parents offer small amounts of nutritious foods several times daily, typically consisting of $3\text{ meals and }2\text{ snacks}$.

Dietary Autonomy and Choice

Allowing the child to choose from foods offered and providing opportunities for self-feeding using both fingers and utensils.

Social Eating

Eating with the family whenever possible while sitting in a high chair or special table seat to learn social dining skills.

Hospitalized Toddler Mealtime Strategy

Encouraging better oral intake by allowing hospitalized toddlers to eat meals with parents or other hospitalized children.

Anthropometric Measures (Toddlers)

Physical growth monitoring via weight, and length (or standing height once able to stand) plotted on standardized growth curves.