Ethics Exam 1 theories and principles

What are values?

Judgements of what we should or shouldn’t do (make decisions BASED on value)

What is utilitarianism?

Peter singer, greater good for greater number of people (evaluate actions based on outcome)

What is deontology?

Study of duty, about the choice itself NOT outcome

What is virtue ethics?

The right thing to do is what an admirable person would do

What is casuistry approach?

Case based reasoning, thinking through based on what you’ve already seen

What is principlism?

Rule-based reasoning asks what the highest principle/rule is to follow and which should not be violated? (how most bioethical decisions are made; most important in our culture)

What is beneficence?

A person should do the most good choice in order to benefit others, more pt centered (ex. a shot hurts but in good conscience)

What is nonmaleficence?

avoid intentional harm or injury to others (use medication to dull pain)

What is corresponding duty?

Provide pts with the information necessary to make informed decisions (may need restriction to prevent harm)

What is paternalistic approach?

Recommending decisions on pts behalf without their full consent or knowledge (can be problematic even if well-intentioned)

When did the code of ethics last get updated?

2025

Which of the following are steps in Cassells and Gauls ethical assessment framework?

identify methods of ethical justification to help resolve dilemma

gather relevant facts

identify and use relevant interdisciplinary resources

Identify guidelines from nursing and professional code of ethics

Which of the following is NOT a principle discusses from the Declaration of Helinski?

need for clear living will

Which one of these is NOT a principle of bioethics?

casuistry

For which of the following theories is character defined prior to actions?

virtue ethics

Which of the ethical values align with substituted judgement?

autonomy and respect for patients wishes

The Tuskegee syphilis study represents violations to which of the following ethical theories/principles?

justice, beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence

Which case focused on disability, euthanasia and selective infanticide?

singer-johnson debate

Which of the following was not an issue in the gelsinger case?

right to die and abuse of vulnerable populations

The skid row cancer study is a classic example of the use of coercion and undue influence because?

given their situation the men were more likely to participate in the study regardless of the risks

One problem with the seattle dialysis committee was?

the decision making was subjective and prioritized the values of the decision makers

CRISPR tech can result in germline changes that are passed on from generation to generation. What ethical theories or principles are most applicable to arguments in favor of using CRISPR in embryos?

beneficence and utilitarianism

The restrictions on visitation during the beginning of COVID was…?

well intentioned but also did harm

What happened to elizabeth bouvia?

died in 2014 considering herself a reluctant survivor

Which of the following about nurse relationships is not true?

nurse-nurse relationships do not impact patient safety

What is the uniform anatomical gift act (UAGA)?

lets ppl be organ donors, violates autonomy and beneficence by family vetos or friction with advanced directives

What is the Cassandra callender case?

17 year old and mother with hodgkins lymphoma denied treatment so state intervened saying she was incompetent and force her to get care, violated autonomy and beneficence by not acting in pt best interest

What is the ebola outbreak in west africa: experimental drugs and allocation fairness?

During the Ebola outbreak limited medical supplies and treatment sparked who should get care and less ppl in africa got care, violates justice and beneficence/non-maleficence

What is the declaration of Helinski?

establishes foundational ethical principles for med research, violates non-maleficence and justice/autonomy by failure to ensure consent and limited access to treatments as well as exposing subjects to harm

What is doctor trials and nuremberg code?

following WW2 horrid research to outline strict ethical principles for consent and right to withdrawal and minimize harm, violated autonomy and non-maleficence

What is radonda vought case?

fatal medication error where nurse faced trial, violated justice and beneficence by systemic failure of honest med error and undermining safety structure

What is visitation restriction during covid?

strict hospital visit bans where ppl died alone, violated autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence

What is the first CRISPR babies case?

first gene edited twins to disable HIV susceptibility, violated autonomy bc no consent by twins and non-maleficence since they did not know the effects

What is right to die Brittany Maynard?

diagnosed with terminal brain cancer moving to Oregon to undergo death with dignity, violates autonomy if pt cannot choose to die on their terms and beneficence by failure to honor their desire to end suffering

What is Marlise Munoz case?

a pregnant woman was declared brain dead and kept alive by life support to give birth to fetus, violates autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence

What is the terri schiavo case?

violated autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence, woman in a vegetative state with battle between husband and parents regarding care

What is the infanticide for disabled babies: peter singer vs mcbride johnson debate?

euthanasia of disabled newborns is permissible given lack of awareness vs. disability does not predict poor quality of life, violates justice and beneficence/non-maleficence

What is the jesse gelsinger case?

volunteered for gene therapy even though he was mainly healthy and died four days later from immune reaction, violates autonomy by not being informed of previous complications with this trial as well as justice and non-maleficence

What is study 329?

compared drugs for adolescent depression and placebo which later found that the data revealed the medicines had the opposite effects causing suicidality, violates beneficence/non-maleficence and justice by selective reporting/deceit and exposing minors to psychological trauma

What is the Ed Robert Americans with disabilities act of 1990?

fought for civil protections and equal access for disabled people and then the law was signed in late, violating autonomy and justice by physical inaccessibility and denying self-determination

What is the death with dignity act in oregon?

allowing mentally competent and terminally ill adults with <6 months to live to self-administer lethal meds, violates autonomy

What is the ryan wayne white case?

contracted HIV through blood transfusion at 13 and faced discrimination at school fighting for right to get education, violates justice and autonomy

What is cruzan v. director?

vegetative state following a vehicle accident and parents to remove the feeding tube, violates autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence by failure to take her off life support by the family’s wishes and ensures a widespread standard of advance directives

What is elizabeth bouvia case?

mentally competent women with disabilities/chronic pain wanted judicial assistance to refuse nourishment, violates autonomy and beneficence by denying her refusal and the state trying to override quality of life judgements

What is the baby doe case?

disabled baby wanted to withhold corrective surgery and hydration allowing the infant to die, violated beneficence/non-maleficence and justice by withholding basic life care bc of disabilities and violating federal law protecting baby

What is barney clark and the first artificial heart transplant?

first recipient of artificial heart survived for 112 days with severe complications, violates autonomy, beneficence and justice by not having informed consent and debates on human experimentation

What is the belmont report?

published ethical rules and guidelines to protect human subjects, violated autonomy, beneficence and justice based on previous cases

What is the tarasoff case?

pt reported wanting to murder the therapist and police gave him detention then let him walk free leading to the death of tatiana, violated non-maleficence

What is the roe v wade/dobbs v jackson womens health organization?

roe v wade case was overturned allowing individual states to decide abortion care, violates autonomy

What is the tuskegee syphilis study?

withheld effective treatment and deceiving participants about diagnosis by exploiting a vulnerable population, violated autonomy and beneficence

What is the cicely saunders and the hospice movement?

lack of pain management for dying pts and pioneered total pain theory, violated autonomy and beneficence by not allowing patients to die with dignity and comfort

What is the 1966 us public health service directives?

surgeon opted for responsibility of human subject saftey to be shifted from individual researchers to a review committee

What is the milgram experiment?

participants deceived into being administered painful electric shocks when wrong answer was given up to max voltage, violates autonomy and non-maleficence

What is the first oral contraceptive/enovid?

large scale human trials with severe side effects sometimes without informed consent, violates autonomy

What is the seattle dialysis selection committee?

violated justice, kidney dialysis decided on who lived or died by a committee based on social worth

What is williowbrook state school case?

institution for children with disabilities intentionally infected them to study disease prevention with little choice or proper disclosure, violates autonomy and beneficence

What is the skid row cancer study?

targeted homeless men for invasive prostate cancer screening studies, violates autonomy and justice by not being totally informed and taking control of vulnerable populations

What is the first kidney transplant case?

used kidney from an identical twin brother for transplant and worked allowing him to live eight more years, violated beneficence/non-maleficence since they did not know the risks since this has never been done