Final

Compounds have a __________ composition according to the law of constant composition.

definite

Physical properties can be observed without __________ a substance into another substance.

changing

The formula for density is __________.

m/v

The lowest possible temperature is called __________ zero.

absolute

In the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is the __________ of the mass of substances.

same

If two elements form more than one compound, the masses of B that combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of __________.

small whole numbers

Protons and neutrons are found in the __________ while electrons travel around it.

nucleus

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with __________ masses.

different

The atomic number is the number of __________ in the nucleus of the atom.

protons

Anions are formed when an atom __________ at least one electron.

gains

A strong electrolyte __________ completely when dissolved in water.

dissociates

The reactions between an acid and a base are called __________ reactions.

neutralization

Energy is the ability to do __________ and transfer heat.

work

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it is neither __________ nor destroyed.

created

The principle quantum number (n) designates __________.

size

According to the octet rule, atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a __________ gas electron configuration.

noble

The __________ theory fails to explain why bonds form.

Lewis

Cations are formed when at least one electron is __________ by metals.

lost

The bonding atomic radius is half the __________ distance when atoms are bonded.

internuclear

Quantities measured in chemistry must consider __________ figures to ensure accuracy.

significant

The mass of any atom is compared to C-12 being exactly __________.

12

Photons are emitted from a heated solid in a process known as __________ radiation.

blackbody

Bond length is defined as the distance between the __________ of two covalently bonded atoms.

nuclei

The law of definite proportions states that a chemical compound always contains the same proportion of elements by __________.

mass

Electrons are found in __________ surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

orbitals

The __________ of a molecule determines its physical and chemical properties.

structure

Ionic bonds form when __________ and anions attract each other due to their opposite charges.

cations

In chemistry, a reaction that absorbs energy is called an __________ reaction.

endothermic

The period of time a radioactive isotope takes to decay to half of its initial amount is called its __________.

half-life

Elements in the same __________ have similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.

group

A __________ is a substance made of two or more different types of atoms bonded together.

compound

The pH scale measures the __________ of a solution, indicating its acidity or basicity.

hydrogen ion concentration

A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by __________ the activation energy required.

lowering

A __________ bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

covalent

The __________ of a substance is the amount of matter it contains.

mass

The __________ principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

conservation of energy

In a chemical equation, the substances that are present before the reaction are called __________.

reactants

The __________ effect describes the electron cloud distortion around a nucleus due to the presence of another charged particle.

induction

In a neutral atom, the number of protons is __________ to the number of electrons.

equal

The __________ is the central part of the atom containing protons and neutrons.

nucleus

The measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons is called __________.

electronegativity

The __________ law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

law of conservation of mass

When acids dissociate in water, they produce __________ ions.

hydrogen

The enthalpy change of a reaction at constant pressure is symbolized as __________.

ΔH

The __________ theory explains the behavior of gases at the molecular level.

kinetic molecular

In a thermal reaction, the heat absorbed is __________ in an endothermic process.

positive

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its __________ number.

mass

Chemicals that speed up reactions without being consumed are called __________.

catalysts

In a __________ reaction, energy is released as a product.

exothermic

The __________ point is the temperature at which a substance transitions from a solid to a liquid.

melting

The type of isomerism where compounds have the same formula but different connections between atoms is called __________ isomerism.

structural

An element is identified by its __________ number, which corresponds to the number of protons.

atomic

The most common type of reaction that involves the exchange of ions is called a __________ reaction.

double displacement

What is a molecule?

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms bonded together.

The process by which a liquid turns into gas is called __________.

evaporation

What is the principle behind the law of multiple proportions?

If two elements can combine in different ways, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in small whole number ratios.

A __________ is a negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

anion

The __________ is the smallest unit of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction.

atom

What type of bond is formed by the attraction between cations and anions?

ionic bond

The state of matter characterized by having a definite shape and volume is called __________.

solid

A __________ solution has a lower concentration of solute than the solvent.

dilute

What is the primary factor that affects the solubility of a substance?

temperature

The __________ constant refers to the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction at a given temperature.

equilibrium

What is a common indicator used to measure pH?

litmus paper

In the context of chemistry, what does the term 'saturation' refer to?

The point at which a solution can no longer dissolve any more solute.

A __________ reaction occurs when energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

thermal

The __________ is the effect observed when light is bent while passing through different mediums.

refraction

The __________ of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is held constant.

volume