Biology Practice Test – Cells, Homeostasis, and Anatomy

What is the most basic structural and functional unit of life?

A. Organelle

B. Cell

C. Macromolecule

D. Tissue

B

Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?

A. Fatty acids

B. Amino acids

C. Monosaccharides

D. Nucleotides

B

Enzymes function as:

A. Structural components of DNA

B. Biological catalysts

C. Sources of energy

D. Storage molecules

B

The site of cellular respiration is the:

A. Golgi apparatus

B. Lysosome

C. Nucleus

D. Mitochondria

D

The cell membrane is composed primarily of:

A. Carbohydrates and enzymes

B. Lipids and cellulose

C. Two layers of phospholipids

D. Proteins and sugars only

C

Which molecule can pass easily through the cell membrane?

A. Large polar molecule

B. Ions

C. Water

D. Glucose

C

What role do ribosomes play in the cell?

A. Store nutrients

B. Make proteins

C. Transport waste

D. Divide chromosomes

B

What macromolecule serves as the blueprint for making proteins?

A. Lipid

B. Protein

C. Nucleic acid

D. Carbohydrate

C

The nucleus is important to the cell because it:

A. Produces energy

B. Makes proteins

C. Stores and protects DNA

D. Regulates water balance

C

A catalyst works by:

A. Making a reaction slower

B. Increasing the activation energy

C. Lowering the activation energy

D. Changing the products of the reaction

C

The active site of an enzyme is:

A. The place where energy is released

B. The part of the substrate that breaks down

C. Where the enzyme binds with the substrate

D. Found in the nucleus

C

Differentiation refers to:

A. Cell division

B. DNA replication

C. Specialization of stem cells

D. Protein transport

C

DNA is organized into structures called

:A. Genes

B. Chromosomes

C. Enzymes

D. Proteins

B

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

A. They have a nervous system

B. They can move

C. They are made of cells

D. They can photosynthesize

C

What type of transport requires energy?

A. Osmosis

B. Simple diffusion

C. Active transport

D. Facilitated diffusion

C

In a hypertonic solution, a cell will:

A. Gain water

B. Shrivel

C. Stay the same

D. Swell

B

A negative feedback loop:

A. Amplifies a response

B. Returns a system to a set point

C. Always causes damage

D. Stops all internal signals

B

Which of the following is a real-world example of an inhibitor?

A. Caffeine blocking sleep receptors

B. Insulin signaling glucose uptake

C. Water moving across a membrane

D. Oxygen diffusing into blood

A

What is the role of second messengers in signal transduction?

A. Block receptors

B. Add energy to the signal

C. Amplify and relay the signal

D. Bind DNA directly

C

Which signal type affects only the cell that released it?

A. Paracrine

B. Juxtacrine

C. Autocrine

D. Hormone

C

What does "form dictates function" mean?

A. Cells choose their function randomly

B. The structure of something tells you what it does

C. Cells change shape constantly

D. Function determines shape always

B

What is the correct order of organization in organisms?

A. Cell → Organ → Tissue → System → Organism

B. Macromolecule—> chromosome—> organelle—>Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

C. Organism → macromolecule —> Organ → System → chromosome—> Tissue → organelle—> Cell

D. Cell → System → Organ → Tissue → Organism

B

Which muscle tissue is voluntary and attached to bones?

A. Cardiac

B. Smooth

C. Skeletal

D. Visceral

C

What system is responsible for hormone secretion?

A. Nervous

B. Integumentary

C. Cardiovascular

D. Endocrine

D

Which plane divides the body into left and right portions?

A. Transverse

B. Frontal

C. Sagittal

D. Coronal

C

The term "proximal" means:

A. Farther from the trunk

B. Toward the surface

C. Closer to where the limb attaches

D. Below another structure

C

The serous membrane that covers the heart is the:

A. Pleural

B. Peritoneum

C. Parietal

D. Visceral pericardium

D

Connective tissue proper functions to:

A. Propel substances

B. Conduct electrical signals

C. Insulate and store energy

D. Line organs

C

What type of gland releases hormones into the bloodstream?

A. Exocrine

B. Endocrine

C. Sebaceous

D. Mucous

B

Which type of connective tissue transports substances throughout the body?

A. Cartilage

B. Bone

C. Connective proper

D. Blood

D

The standard position used as a reference for directional terms is:

A. Axial position

B. Standing position

C. Anatomical position

D. Frontal position

C

Which term refers to the back of the body?

A. Anterior

B. Posterior

C. Inferior

D. Lateral

B

The transverse plane divides the body into:

A. Left and right

B. Front and back

C. Top and bottom

D. Superficial and deep

C

Which directional term means "toward the midline" of the body?

A. Distal

B. Lateral

C. Medial

D. Deep

C

The head, neck, and trunk make up the _______ part of the body:

A. Appendicular

B. Axial

C. Proximal

D. Ventral

B

Which membrane lines the body cavities that open to the outside of the body?

A. Serous membrane

B. Cutaneous membrane

C. Mucous membrane

D. Synovial membrane

C

The meninges protect which part of the body?

A. The abdominal cavity

B. The brain and spinal cord

C. The lungs

D. The heart

B

Which type of tissue lines body surfaces and cavities?

A. Connective

B. Epithelial

C. Nervous

D. Muscle

B

Which connective tissue type supports and cushions joints?

A. Bone

B. Blood

C. Cartilage

D. Connective tissue proper

C

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A. Moves bones voluntarily

B. Pumps blood

C. Propels substances involuntarily

D. Conducts nerve impulses

C

What is a ligand?

A. An enzyme

B. A cell membrane protein

C. A molecule that binds to a receptor

D. A second messenger

C

Which of the following describes phosphorylation?

A. Adding a sugar group

B. Adding a phosphate group

C. Breaking down an enzyme

D. Removing a nitrogen group

B

What does a second messenger do?

A. Acts as a receptor

B. Amplifies and relays the signal

C. Blocks signal pathways

D. Transports oxygen

B

What is the main function of the signal transduction pathway?

A. Break down enzymes

B. Transmit electrical signals

C. Relay a signal from a receptor to a cellular response

D. Release hormones into the blood

C

A molecule that blocks a receptor and prevents signal transduction is called:

A. Ligand

B. Inhibitor

C. Enzyme

D. Transducer

B

In a feedback loop, what detects the stimulus?

A. Effector

B. Receptor

C. Response

D. Ligand

B

Which is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A. Thermoregulation

B. Childbirth

C. Blood sugar regulation

D. Blood pressure control

B

What type of transport uses vesicles to move substances into the cell?

A. Endocytosis

B. Simple diffusion

C. Osmosis

D. Molecular pump

A

Which type of transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient?

A. Facilitated diffusion

B. Simple diffusion

C. Passive transport

D. Active transport

D

Which solution has a higher water concentration than the inside of the cell?

A. Hypertonic

B. Isotonic

C. Hypotonic

D. None of the above

C

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A. G1 phase

B. S phase

C. G2 phase

D. Mitosis

B

Which is the correct order of mitosis phases?

A. Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase

B. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

C. Telophase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase

D. Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase, Prophase

B

The endocrine system functions to:

A. Transport oxygen

B. Secrete hormones

C. Protect the body

D. Digest food

B

Which system is responsible for filtering the blood and eliminating waste?

A. Digestive system

B. Integumentary system

C. Urinary system

D. Lymphatic system

C

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

A. Movement

B. Hormone regulation

C. Protection and regulation

D. Nutrient absorption

C

Your elbow is________ to your wrist

Proximal

This system processes sensory information and controls voluntary and involuntary actions.

Nervous system

This organ is the largest in the body

The skin

The study of cells is known as this branch of micro anatomy

Cytology

This system transports gases, nutrients, and waste through blood

Circulatory system or cardiovascular system

This system produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development

Endocrine system

This system defends the body against infections and diseases

Immune system

The study of tissues is known as

histology

This type of connective tissue stores fat

Connective tissue proper (adipose)

This muscle type is found only in the heart

Cardiac muscle

The study of the function of the human body

physiology

Bone and blood are both example of what major tissue type?

Connective tissue

The body can be divided into two main regions

axial and appendicular

Your skin is __________ to your muscles

superficial

These cells in the nervous system carry electrical signals throughout the body

Neurons

This muscle type moves substances through hollow organs like the stomach

Smooth muscle

This plane divides the body into left and right halves

sagittal plane

The study of the structure of the human body

anatomy

This tissue type covers surfaces and lines organs

Epithelial tissue

The forehead is __________ to the chin

superior

This system allows for the production of offspring

Reproductive system

There are ________ bones in the human body

206

The four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and ________

Nervous tissue

The gluteus Maximus is on the _______ side of the body

posterior

The smallest structural unit of life

cell

70% of living tissue is ______. Around 26% is _______ with _______ being the most abundant and _________ being the least abundant

water, macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids

The cell membrane is said to be ___________, meaning it's "picky" about what it lets go in and out. This pickiness helps to maintain homeostasis within the cell. Enzymes act as biological _________ that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required

Selectively permeable, catalysts

_________ are the macromolecules most readily broken down when the cell needs a quick source of ATP, whereas ________ are often used for long-term energy storage and insulation

Carbohydrates, lipids

Converts chemical energy in food to ATP for the cell to use

A.) Cilia

B.) Flagella

C.) Lysosome

D.) Mitochondria

E.) Golgi apparatus

D

Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down harmful substances.

A.) Cilia

B.) Flagella

C.) Lysosome

D.) Mitochondria

E.) Golgi apparatus

C

Specializes in packaging, proteins in vesicles for exporting from the cell

A.) Cilia

B.) Flagella

C.) Lysosome

D.) Mitochondria

E.) Golgi apparatus

E

Moves fluid across the surface of the cell

A.) Cilia

B.) Flagella

C.) Lysosome

D.) Mitochondria

E.) Golgi apparatus

A

Propels the cell through extracellular fluid

A.) Cilia

B.) Flagella

C.) Lysosome

D.) Mitochondria

E.) Golgi apparatus

B

Which of the following best describes a negative feedback loop

A.) a process that amplifies change.

B.) a mechanism that maintains stability by counteracting change.

C.) a hormonal response that speeds up a reaction.

D.) a rapid increase in the original stimulus.

B

What is the role of the receptor in a feedback loop?

A.) execute the necessary response.

B.) do the response that restores homeostasis.

C.) detect the stimulus and information.

D.) produces enzymes to begin the loop.

C

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

A.) blood sugar regulation.

B.) water, concentration regulation.

C.) thermoregulation

D.) child birth contractions.

D

What is the main function of enzymes in maintaining homeostasis?

A.) slowing down cellular reactions

B.) breaking down cells to release energy.

C.) creating energy for biochemical reactions to occur.

D.) speeding up biochemical reaction.

D

What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?

A.) it becomes more efficient.

B.) no longer binds properly to the substrate.

C.) accelerate the feedback loop.

D.) it produces more inhibitors.

B

What is the correct sequence of events in a single transduction pathway?

A.) signal to receptor to response.

B.) ligand to response to signal.

C.) response to receptor to signal.

D.) stimulus to response to receptor.

A

What is the function of a second messenger in cell signaling?

A.) blocks ligand binding

B.) it reverses the signaling pathway.

C.) it's stabilizes the ligand for reuse

D.) it helps amplify or distribute the signal inside the cell.

D

Which of the following best illustrates how the circulatory system and respiratory system interact to maintain homeostasis in humans?

A.) the heart pumps blood to deliver oxygen while the lungs expel carbon dioxide.

B.) neurons make up key nervous system structures, like the brain and spinal cord.

C.) skin cells grow and divide to replace damaged tissue.

D.) the stomach digest food while the intestines absorb nutrients into the blood

A

Which organ system produces hormones for regulating body processes?

A.) nervous system.

B.) digestive system.

C.) endocrine system.

D.) circulatory system.

C

Which non-human example best demonstrates the function of the integumentary system?

A.) fish using gills for gas exchange.

B.) cattle chewing cud to digest food.

C.) feathers on birds regulating body temperature.

D.) sharks and stingrays making immune cells in their spleen and kidneys.

C

Homeostasis means keeping the inside of the body stable

True

Ligands and molecules that attach to receptors to start cell signaling

True