ch. 10 pathology and lab

sciatica

pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain

spina bifida

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

spina bifida occulta

the vertebral defect is covered with skin and evident only on x-ray or image

spina bifida cystica

cyst-like protrusions

meningocele

meninges protrude to the outside of the body

myelomeningocele

spinal cord and meninges protrude

Alzheimer disease (AD)

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem; Lou Gehrig Disease

epilepsy

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

absence seizures

momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness

complex partial seizure

common type of seu\izure meaning impaired consciousness

huntington disease

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum, leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

multiple sclerosis (MS)

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

myasthenia gravis (MG)

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. antibodies block the ability of acetylcholine

palsy

paralysis

cerebral palsy

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by hypoxia

Bell palsy

paralysis to one side of the face

parkinson disease

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement caused by a deficiency of dopamine

palliative

relieving symptoms but not curative

tourette syndrome

involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words

herpes zoster (shingles)

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; blisters and pain

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis- caused by bacteria or viruses

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDs

brain tumor

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

cerebral concussion

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head; rest is vert important

cerebral contusion

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke; cerebral infarction

thrombotic

blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain

embolic

an embolus travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a vessel

hemorrhagic

a cerebral artery breaks and bleeding occurs

migraine

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache

aneurysm

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture , leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)

aura

peculiar symptom of sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

embolus

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

ictal event

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

tonic-clonic seizure

major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements

cerebral angiography

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material

doppler ultrasound studies

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

lumbar puncture (LP)

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets of the brain

EEG

recording of electrical activity of the brain