reading quizzes 1-5 genetics

1 ICSI is:

  Mixing of egg and sperm in solution 

  Injection of sperm into an egg 

  Activation of an egg 

  Injection of sperm tail into an activated egg 

  Injection of sperm into an egg 

The current most-significant risk associated with IVF is:

  Imprinting disorders 

  Cancer 

  Pregnancy with multiples 

  Injury during egg retrieval 

  Pregnancy with multiples 

We do not know the long-term health consequences of being born via ART.

  true 

  false 

  true 

Which of the following are associated with a pregnancy with multiples:

  Low birth weight 

  Term birth 

  Higher than average birth weight 

  Higher than average cognitive abilities 

  Low birth weight 

Why do IVF clinics use supraphysiological concentrations of hormones in their stimulation protocols?

  To get the uterus ready for implantation 

  To mimic the female cycle 

  To obtain higher number of eggs 

  To obtain higher quality of eggs 

  To obtain higher number of eggs 

Select which ethical principle the following statement is highlighting: "Women should be able to choose whether or not to undergo prenatal genetic testing".

  Autonomy 

  Beneficience 

  Confidentiality 

  Non-maleficience 

 

Autonomy

Which ethical principle is best highlighted by the following statement: A challenge of genomic medicine is ensuring that all individuals will have routine access to genomic medicine for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

  Autonomy 

  Beneficence 

  Non-maleficience 

  Justice 

Justice

Which principle is best highlighted by the following statement: An IVF doctor declines their patient's request to transfer 8 embryos because of the increased chance of high risk pregnancy.

 Non-maleficence 

  Beneficence 

  Justice 

  Autonomy

 Non-maleficence 

Angelman syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are caused by low birth weight.

  true 

  false

false

Animal models of ART-associated health outcomes are useful because:

  The embryo development process is identical. 

  Large litters increase study numbers. 

  Infertility and subfertility variables are removed. 

  Metabolic profiles between species are similar.

  Infertility and subfertility variables are removed. 

To perform PGT, one must undergo IVF or ICSI.

  true 

  false 

true

According to Adrienne Asch, prenatal testing is misguided because:

  Prospective parents are not properly counseled about a life with a disability 

  Social stigma is can be worse than the disability itself 

  A and B 

  none of the above

  A and B 

The deaf community has circumvented what is deemed "normal" by building a community

  true  false 

true

According to Lee Silver, the difference between eugenics and reprogenetics is that eugenics is concerned with controlling society’s gene pool whereas reprogenetics is concerned with trying to control the genes that an individual will receive.

  true 

  false 

true

Mistakes in diagnosis of disease-associated mutations has led to "wrongful birth" law suits.

  true 

  false 

true

According to Neumayr, the decision to abort due to prenatal testing results is often made while given confusing information.

  true 

  false 

  true 

One argument against PGT is that:

  it is risky 

  it devalues the lives of people living with genetic disorders 

  it is rarely necessary 

  it involves abortion 

  it devalues the lives of people living with genetic disorders 

 If a physician finds that performing PGT caused embryo lethality but continues to practice it, this is a violation of

  Autonomy 

  Non-maleficence 

  Justice 

  Beneficence 

  Non-maleficence 

Performing PGT to select for Huntington disease is ethically challenging because

  the disease is mild in phenotype 

  the disease is recessively inherited 

  the resulting individual would live 8 decades disease free 

  the resulting individual would live 4-5 decades disease free 

  the resulting individual would live 4-5 decades disease free 

A patient selecting an embryo carrying a dominant gene variant encoding deafness is an example of what biomedical ethical principle?

  Non-malificence 

  Autonomy 

  Justice 

  Beneficence

Autonomy

Mitochondrial diseases

  Often affect organs that demand high amounts of energy 

  Are never compatible with long life 

  Are inherited from the father 

  Are inherited in a mendelian fashion 

 

  Often affect organs that demand high amounts of energy 

Prohibiting MRT and supporting birth of children requiring oxygen and/or wheel chair assistance, could be viewed as violating what ethical principle that guides physicians to help their patients?

  Autonomy 

  Beneficence

  Non-maleficence

  Justice 

Beneficence

Mitochondrial replacement therapy requires IVF and gametes from three people.

  True 

  False

True

There are currently living children that were created using cytoplasmic transfer

  true 

  false 

true

Your mitochondria are a mix from your genetic parents.

  true 

  false 

false

Your mitochondrial DNA can carry disease-causing mutations.

  true 

  false

true

Darnovsky does not support mitochondrial replacement because:

  It is a form of genetic engineering that is currently not allowed. 

  There is not enough risk assessment research 

  The benefit does not outweigh the risks 

  All of the above 

  None of the above 

  All of the above 

Dr. Egli's study on mitochondrial transfer revealed that

  mutant mitochondria die if transferred 

  mutant mitochondria can dominate over wild-type if transferred 

  it is simple to avoid transfer of mutant mitochondria 

  it is simple to transfer a pure population of wild-type mitochondria 

  mutant mitochondria can dominate over wild-type if transferred 

Dr. Herbert is concerned about the validity of the Egli study because it was performed in stem cells and not embryos

  true 

  false 

 

true

A woman in the UK is at risk for having children with a severe mitochondrial disease. She asks her fertility doctor to perform MRT but they refuse. MRT is legal in the UK. This is a violation of what ethical principle?

  Autonomy 

  Justice 

  Beneficence 

  Non-maleficence

Autonomy

CRISPR based genome editing could be used to

  engineer farm animals 

  engineer disease-resistant crops 

  cure diseases with known mutations 

  fix genetic abnormalities prior to implantation 

  all of the above 

  none of the above 

  all of the above 

CRISPR is

  a type of crunchy potato chip 

  found in mammalian cells to confer resistance to pathogens 

  a region of bacterial genome responsible for immune response 

  the discovery of Feng Zhang 

  a region of bacterial genome responsible for immune response 

CRISPR is superior to other genome editing tools like Talens and Zinc Fingers because

  the reagents are cheaper 

  the system is simplistic 

  it can easily be adapted to a variety of organisms 

  all of the above 

  none of the above 

  all of the above 

CRISPR-based genome editing could be used to modify human embryos

  true 

  false

true

One of the powers of CRISPR is that there are no off-target effects.

  true 

  false 

false

The biochemical function of Cas9 is a

  kinase 

  topoisomerase 

  polymerase 

  endonuclease 

  endonuclease 

Embryo selection involves modification of the genome.

  true 

  false 

false

Crispr-based Sickle Cell Anemia therapy costs a patient $3 million USD and is not covered by insurance. What ethical principle does this likely violate?

  Autonomy 

  Beneficence 

  Non-maleficence 

  Justice 

Justice

A concern about using Crisper to modify an unborn child's genome brought up in the reading is

  it will give women too much power 

  loss of compassion and resources for disabled citizens 

  it could prevent life-threatening childhood disease 

  it gives families too much power 

  loss of compassion and resources for disabled citizens 

In 2018, He Jiankui edited the genomes of human embryos to make them resistant to HIV. At this time, comprehensive safety studies were not conducted. His actions were a violation of what ethical principle?

  Beneficence 

  Non-maleficence 

  Justice 

  Autonomy

  Non-maleficence 

Somatic cell nuclear transfer was the technology used to create the cloned sheep Dolly.

  true 

  false 

 

  true 

The Dickey-Wicker Amendment

  allows research on human embryos 

  allows destruction of human embryos 

  prohibits destruction of human embryos 

  allows derivation of new hESC lines 

  prohibits destruction of human embryos 

hESCs are derived from

  Inner cell mass of blastocyst 

  Trophectoderm of blastocyst 

  8-cell embryo blastomere 

  Fertilized egg 

 

  Inner cell mass of blastocyst 

Monetary compensation of egg donors for research is allowed in every state.

  true 

  false 

false

Which scenario is an example of non-maleficence?

  A patient requests that their doctor perform a stem cell transplant to treat their disease. 

  A physician does not refer their patient for a non-FDA approved stem cell therapy. 

  Insurance fully covers cancer stem cell therapy for all that need it. 

  A physician suggests their patient seek stem cell therapy abroad. 

  A physician does not refer their patient for a non-FDA approved stem cell therapy. 

SCNT involves

  Injecting sperm into an egg 

  Injecting a somatic cell into an egg 

  Injecting a somatic cell into an enucleated egg 

  Fusing a somatic cell to an enucleated egg 

  Fusing a somatic cell to an enucleated egg 

Some opponents of hESC research

  Believe that the destruction of preimplantation embryos is akin to murder 

  Believe that life begins once the fetus can survive outside the womb 

  Believe that potential to become a human is not relevant 

  Believe it is okay if the material were to be discarded. 

  Believe that the destruction of preimplantation embryos is akin to murder 

True or false: Culture of eggs and embryos in caffeine produces better SCNT-derived stem cell lines.

  true 

  false 

  true 

Egg donors did not receive monetary compensation for the SCNT trial.

  true 

  false 

false

iPS cells are identical to hESCs

  True 

  False 

  We don't know

  We don't know