Principles of Study Medicine & Medical Terminology (MED-102) Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcard deck covering anatomical regions, body cavities, anatomical planes, histology terms, SI biochemistry units, and foundational medical terminology from MED-102.

How is Anatomy defined in the MED-102 course?

Anatomy is a descriptive science that studies the gross features of different parts of the body and their relations to each other.

Into what two main regions is the human head divided?

The head is divided into the cranial region (surrounding the brain) and the facial region.

What is the anatomical definition of the neck?

The neck is defined as the constriction following the head.

What structures surround the heart and lungs in the thorax?

The bones of the thorax surround the heart and the lungs.

What anatomical structure separates the thorax from the abdomen?

The diaphragm separates the abdomen from the thorax.

What anatomical region constitutes the lower part of the abdomen?

The pelvis.

Which regions and parts are included in the upper limb?

The upper limb includes the shoulder region, the arm, the forearm, and the hand.

Which regions and parts are included in the lower limb?

The lower limb includes the gluteal region, the thigh, the leg, and the foot.

What are the four major cavities of the human body?

1. Cranial cavity, 2. Vertebral cavity, 3. Thoracic cavity, 4. Abdominopelvic cavity.

What are the four minor cavities of the human body?

1. Oral cavity (mouth cavity), 2. Orbital cavities, 3. Nasal cavities, 4. Middle ear cavities.

Into what two main groups are major body cavities classified?

Posterior cavity and Anterior cavity.

Which cavities compose the posterior body cavity?

The cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

Which cavities compose the anterior (ventral) body cavity?

The thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.

What central nervous system structure does the skull enclose within the cranial cavity?

The brain (and brain stem).

What structure does the vertebral column enclose within the vertebral cavity?

The spinal cord.

What three sub-cavities or spaces are contained within the thoracic cavity?

1. Pleural cavity, 2. Cardiac cavity, 3. Mediastinum.

Which organs are contained within the abdominal cavity?

The digestive organs and the kidneys.

Which organs are contained within the pelvic cavity?

The urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

What are the five criteria that describe the standard normal anatomical position?

1. Person stands upright, 2. Neck is extended, 3. Face is directed forwards, 4. Arms hang at the sides and the palms of the hand are directed forwards, 5. Feet spread on the ground.

How is the supine body position defined?

The person lies on his back with the face directed upwards.

How is the prone body position defined?

The person lies on his belly with the face directed downwards.

What defines the median sagittal plane?

A plane passing antero-posteriorly through the body that divides it into two equal left and right halves.

How does the coronal (frontal) plane divide the human body?

It divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves.

How does the horizontal (transverse) plane divide the human body?

It passes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower parts.

What type of anatomical motion occurs in the coronal plane?

Sideways motion.

What type of anatomical motion occurs in the transverse plane?

Motion that is rotational in nature.

What type of anatomical motion occurs in the sagittal plane?

Forward or backward motion.

In directional terminology, what does "cranial" mean?

Pertaining to, or located toward, the head.

In directional terminology, what does "caudal" mean?

Pertaining to, or located toward, the tail.

What is the directional synonym for "anterior" in animals and humans?

Ventral.

What is the directional synonym for "posterior" in animals and humans?

Dorsal.

In directional terminology, what is the difference between "medial" and "lateral"?

Medial means lying close to the midline of the body, whereas lateral means away from the median plane (toward the side).

In directional terminology, what is the difference between "superficial" and "deep"?

Superficial means situated near the surface, while deep means situated deep beneath the surface.

When describing limbs, what does "proximal" mean?

Close to, or toward, the trunk, or toward the point of origin.

When describing limbs, what does "distal" mean?

Away from the trunk (toward the end of the limb), or away from the point of origin.

What do the directional terms "radial" and "ulnar" mean in relation to the forearm?

Radial pertains to the radius or lateral side of the forearm, while ulnar pertains to the ulna or medial side of the forearm.

What do the directional terms "palmar" and "plantar" refer to?

Palmar (volar) pertains to the palm of the hand, and plantar pertains to the sole of the foot.

What components constitute the topography of the Central Nervous System?

The brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) and the spinal cord (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions).

What is the topographical order of structures in the respiratory system?

Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lungs.

What main vessels and chambers make up the cardiovascular topography of the heart?

Superior vena cava, ascending aorta, arch of aorta, pulmonary trunk, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, inferior vena cava, and descending aorta.

Which major salivary glands are located in the head and neck region?

Parotid gland, submandibular gland, and submental gland.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What are the sequential parts of the large intestine in topographical order?

Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.

What structures and vessels make up the topography of the renal system?

Right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, urinary bladder, aorta, and inferior vena cava.

What organs make up the male reproductive system topography?

Testes, scrotum, penis, prostate, symphysis pubis, urinary bladder, and rectum.

What organs make up the female reproductive system topography?

Ovaries, Fallopian (uterine) tubes, uterus (fundus and cervix), and vagina.

How is Histology defined?

The microscopic study of tissues and organs through sectioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope.

How is a Light Microscope (LM) defined?

A laboratory instrument that uses visible light to detect and magnify very small objects.

What type of dye is Hematoxylin, and what color does it stain acidic structures?

Hematoxylin is a basic dye that stains acidic cellular structures with a purplish-blue color (basophilic).

What type of dye is Eosin, and what color does it stain basic structures?

Eosin is an acidic dye that stains basic cellular structures with a pink color (acidophilic).

What are the key features and primary uses of an Electron Microscope (EM)?

It uses a beam of electrons, has higher resolution and magnification power than LM, and is mainly used to observe internal cell structures and ultrastructure of surfaces.

What creates "electron lucent" areas in electron microscopy?

Areas where the electron beam passes through specimens, producing shades of white to light gray.

What creates "electron dense" areas in electron microscopy?

Areas where electrons are absorbed or deflected by the specimen, producing shades of dark gray to black.

What is Endocytosis?

A process by which cells move materials from outside to the inside of them.

What is Phagocytosis, and what are its Greek origins?

Cell eating (ingestion of solid particles such as bacteria or dead cell remnants); derived from Ancient Greek phagein (to eat) and kytos (cell).

What is Pinocytosis, and what are its Greek origins?

Cell drinking (ingestion of fluid and its dissolved contents); derived from Ancient Greek pino (to drink) and kytos (cell).

What is Exocytosis?

The process by which cells move materials from their inside to the outside of them.

How is Cytogenetics defined?

The study of structure and behavior of chromosomes and their relation to human study.

What does "diploid" mean?

The presence of 2 complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, usually one set from the mother and one from the father.

What does "haploid" mean?

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in the cell.

What are somatic cells, and what is their chromosome ploidy?

Somatic cells are all cells in the body other than sperm and ova; somatic cells are diploid.

What are germ cells, and what is their chromosome ploidy?

Germ cells are any cells that give rise to gametes (sperm and ova); germ cells are haploid.

What is Karyotyping?

A procedure that describes the type of cell nucleus (karyon) based on its inside chromosomes.

What is Epithelium?

A layer of cells that covers most surfaces of the body.

What is Glandular Epithelium?

Epithelial cells specialized to perform a secretory function.

What is Neuro-Epithelium?

Specialized epithelial cells (such as those in the ear, nose, and tongue) that perform a sensory function.

What is Myo-Epithelium?

Epithelial cells that attain muscle characters to perform a contractile function.

How is Connective Tissue defined?

Tissue found throughout the body to bind and support other tissues and organs together.

How is Connective Tissue Proper classified?

Classified as loose or dense according to the amount of collagen and ground substance.

What distinguishes Dense Regular CT from Dense Irregular CT?

In dense regular CT, fibers are arranged parallel to each other in bundles in specific orientation; in dense irregular CT, fibers are non-parallel.

What histological prefix corresponds to cartilage, and what prefix corresponds to bone?

Cartilage = chondro-; Bone = osteo-.

What is Anisocytosis?

A condition in which red blood cells are not equal in size.

What are Reticulocytes?

Immature red blood cells with a network-like appearance.

In what year was the SI system adopted globally for units of measurement?

1960.

What are the seven base SI units and their associated physical quantities?

Length: meter (m); Mass: kilogram (kg); Time: second (s); Amount of substance: mole (mol); Electric current: ampere (A); Temperature: kelvin (K); Luminous intensity: candela (cd).

What is the standard SI unit for molar concentration in clinical biochemistry?

Mole per liter ($\text{mol/l}$ or $\text{mol/L}$).

What numeric values correspond to the SI prefixes micro ($\mu$), nano ($n$), and pico ($p$)?

Micro = $10^{-6}$, Nano = $10^{-9}$, Pico = $10^{-12}$.

How is an Enzyme Unit (U) defined?

The amount of an enzyme which will catalyse the transformation of $1\,\mu\text{mol}$ of substrate.

What is the exact conversion relation between calories/kilocalories and Joules?

$1\text{ calorie} = 4.1868\,\text{J}$ and $1\text{ kilocalorie (Calorie)} = 4.1868\,\text{kJ}$.

What is the mathematical expression for Molarity ($M$)?

$$\text{Molarity } (M) = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$$

What is the distinction between Accuracy and Precision?

Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured; precision is a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another.

From which ancient languages are most medical terms derived?

Greek and Latin.

What are the three structural components of a medical term?

Prefix (optional modifier), Word root (foundational element indicating a body part/system), and Suffix (ending indicating specialty, test, or disorder).

What body parts do the word roots "encephal-", "ot-", and "rhin-" represent?

Encephal- = brain; ot- = ear; rhin- = nose.

What tissue types do the word roots "osteo-", "myo-", and "sarco-" represent?

Osteo- = bone; myo- / sarco- = muscle.

What do the medical prefixes "hyper-" and "hypo-" mean?

Hyper- = above normal or increased; hypo- = below normal or decreased.

What do the number prefixes "nulli-", "oligo-", and "pan-" mean?

Nulli- = none; oligo- = few or very little; pan- = all.

What do the suffixes "-itis", "-ectomy", and "-otomy" mean?

-itis = inflammation; -ectomy = removal; -otomy = cut in / incision.

What do the procedural suffixes "-stomy", "-scopy", and "-centesis" mean?

-stomy = opening; -scopy = visceral examination; -centesis = puncture.

What do the functional suffixes "-aemia", "-pnea", and "-penia" mean?

-aemia = blood condition; -pnea = breathing; -penia = deficiency.