Animals - bio 2030 - M1

midterm 1

7 ranks

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

• kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach

Cladogram

phylogenetic diagram based on cladistic analysis

• phylogeny: history

  • cladistic: info for classification

formal naming

taxonomy

• binomial nomenclature

multicellular organisms that don’t have organs/no true tissue

metazoans and parazoans

• the ones that do have cells organized as organs are eumetazoans (have true tissues)

which grade of organization has organisms with special organelles excluded from metazoans

/protoplasmic

which type of cells can reproduce on their own and which ones can’t

colonial: have same function and can reproduce on own

multicellular: have different functions but can’t reproduce on own

what cells support the organism structurally

cell tissues perform a common function as tissues

• product extracellular matrix

in a heart which muscles are the parenchyma and stroma tissue

parenchyma: cardiac muscle

stroma: connective tissue

digestive system is what grade of organization

organ system

which tissue separates 2 compartments

epithelial

which tissues do voluntary and involuntary movement

muscle

what tissues can function as structure, binding, protection or transport

connective

which tissues conduct stimuli and impulses

nervous

what type of tissue facilitates diffusion of gases

simple squamous epithelial tissue

• only one cell layer thick allowing diffusion

which tissue lines ducts and tubules used for secretion or absorption

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

• short box-like cells

  • kidneys

which tissue composes of tall elongated cells

simple columnar epithelial cells

• used for absorption/excretion

  • stomach/intestines

which tissue protects organism from mechanical injury

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

• multiple layers of nuclei

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

only 1 layer of cells and are columnar

• secretion and absorption

which type of tissue is useful for stretching

transitional epithelial tissue

• multiple cell layers thick but once stretches is actually only a few cell layers thick

where can interstitial fluid be found

in area between cells

what elements are created by cells but don’t contain cells

structural elements

• bone

• cartilage

• cuticle

ameoba and sponges what what body plan

asymmetrical

type of body plan that lacks and axis and have all its body parts around a central point

spherical

• found only in unicellular eukaryotes

can be divided by planes on logitudinal axis

radial

type of symmetry that contributes to cephalization

bilateral

secondary radial symmetry

organisms like starfish develop radial symmetry as an adult

what are the 3 germ layers formed during embryonic development from outside to inside

1. ectoderm

2. mesoderm

3. endoderm

fluid filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

coelom

what is a coelome, where is it found, what are the main functions?

1. fliud-fliled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm

2. Found in: coelomate animals

3. protects organs, allows organs to move, act as hydrostatic skeleton, space for organs

what is an acoelomate and what fills the space between the digestive tract and the body wall

an animal that lacks a body cavity instead is filled with mesoderm tissue

An animal’s digestive tract is surrounded by mesoderm. Depending on whether there is no cavity, a partially mesoderm-lined cavity, or a fully mesoderm-lined cavity, what are the three possible body plans?

acoelomate: no body cavity, only mesoderm tissue filling space

pseudocoelomate: cavity lined with mesoderm

coelomate: coelom cavity forms inside mesoderm

schizocoelous formation

when coelum forms by splitting the mesoderm and the space created from that split becomes the coelum

enterocoelous formation

coelum forms from pouches that bud off primitive gut

which type of locomotion uses hair-like projections

ciliary

besides movement what else does cilia do

• captures things because it creates a water current that moves towards cytosome (mouth)

• prevents stagnant layer of water around body to help make exchanges with environment

what is the purpose of both strokes in metachronal beating and what are the characteristics of beating as a whole

1. power stroke: cilia sweeps opposite direction of movement and propels water parallel to body

2. recovery stroke: cilia bends towards body to reduce resistance

   1. beats at an angle, organism moves in a spiral

   2. beats can reverse as an avoidance reaction

what type of motion uses whip-like outgrowths

flagellar

what is the difference between tractellum and pulsellum

tractellum: makes water go towards body and creates a force causing it to move

pulsellum: propels water away from body and moves the body opposite of propellor pulse

which type of movement uses projection of the body/cell wall

pseudopodia - ameboid motion

what is a hyaline cap for

made of ectoplasm

absorbs impact and is leading edge for endoplasm to hit

how does endoplasm contribute to cytoplasmic streaming

endoplasm gets pushed forward by actin crosslink contractions

hits the hyaline cap and then fountains back as the cell membrane extends forwards

what role does actin play in cytoplasmic streaming

actin crosslinks with ABP and contracts making pressure and pushing endoplasm against leading edge

actin at the front polymerizes and keeps pushing cell membrane forward

filopodia

slim projections with only ectoplasm and lack a hyaline cap

retucylopodia

extrememly thing filaments that branch and coalesce repeatedly

mastigonemes

hair-like extensions on flagella

lobopodia

large blunt protrusions

difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs

autotrophs: synthesize own food

heterotrophs: gets molecules synthesized by other organisms

phagocytosis with amoeboids

1. cell membrane binds to food particle and encloses in food vacuole

2. vacuole binds with lysosome

3. nutrients released across membrane

4. waste excreted via exocytosis

leidyopsis

flagellates form pseudopodium

didinium

engulfs prey using cytopharnx lined with toxysts killing food

podophrya

capture prey with tentacles

Tetrahymena vorax

in the presence of its prey it will switch from normal phase to predatory phase

• predatory phase: becomes much bigger making it easier to eat and more selective

what are three types of excretions

1. exocytosis: elimiate waste from vacuole

2. passive diffusion: just moves across cell membrane

3. cytoproct: permanent excretory pore

what are the different atom exchanges in osmoregulation using pumps

H+ in /Na+ out

HCO3- in / Cl- out

what enzyme is used for osmoregulaiton

carbonic anhydrase

replenishes H+ and HCO3-

CO2 + H2O → ← H2CO3 → ← H+ + HCO3-

what special transport does water use to move across cell membrane

aquaporins

or just use osmosis

what happens to the filling/expulsion rate in cell if you increase SA

increases

what happens to filling/expulsion rate in a solution that is very dilute

• water will want to rush towards cell bc more solute in there

• moves lots of H2O very quickly

what is the role of contractile vacuoles

helps osmoregulation

• contracts out water to ensure cell doesn’t swell and burst

what are the 2 morphological types of cnidaria

1. polyp (growing upwards, skinny)

2. medusae (jellyfish)

on sessile hydrozoans what zooid is the only one with a mouth and how do they get nutrients to the other zooids

gastrozooid

• will pass the digested food through the root system

which zooid produces gametes

gonozooid polyp

which zooid is for capturing prey

dactylzooid polyp

what do dactylozooids do on moving polymorphic forms

have retractable tentacles that bring prey towards gastrozooids for them to eat

what is the purpose of a pneumatophore

is a gas-filled float

• captures wind to help them move around in the water

• will deflate during storms so they don’t drift as far

major differences between a hydrozoan and a scyphozoan

hydrozoan: has manubrium and velum, only 4 radial canals and 1 ring canal

scyphozoan: has 4 large oral lobes, has system of canals

distinct features of cubozoa

square with tentacles at all 4 corners

• blades at base of tentacles

• has velarium: just a velum but doesn’t have endodermic canals

cnidocytes

cells with cnidae organelles

how do cnidocytes sting

1. stimulated by chemical/physical contact

2. cap/operculum opens

3. nematocyst springs out to attack

3 hypothesis of what allows nematocyst to come out

1. osmotic pressure

2. potential energy

3. contractile materials

spirocysts and ptychocysts let the nematocyte do what

wrap around objects and stick to surfaces

how to cells in sponges attach to the basal lamina

cell-to-cell junctions

• adheres/septate junctions

spicules

skeletal structure of sponge

• non-cellular

calcarea spicules

calcium carbonate - collagen

• inshore

hexactinellida spicules

silica, 6-rayed - collagen

• deep sea

demospongiae spicules

silica, not 6-rayed - spongin

• freshwater

homoscleromorph spicules

silica, 4 unequal rays - type 4 collagen

• inshore

totipotent cells

• can divide to produce any differentiated cell type

how do choanocytes use filter feeding

1. uses pulsellum to draw water towards the collar

   1. collar made of microvilli and microfibrils

2. small food particles stick to the collar

3. structures bring food to base of collar and uses phagocytosis to get it inside

   1. passes vacuole to lysosome to digest nutrients

4. Left over water and food get passed out through osculum

what are the 4 types of secretory cells and what do they make

1. sclerocytes: spicules

2. spongocytes: spongin

3. collenocytes: collagen

4. lophocytes: collagen

3 layers of sponge

outer: pinacoderm

mid: mesoderm

innter: choanoderm

inner cavity in sponges except leuconoids

spongocoel

how do canal systems use filter feeding for Asconoids

1. water rushes in through ostium that has a porocyte

2. goes into spongocoel which is lined with choanocytes

   1. filters food and releases any waste or water

3. exits through osculum

filter feeding for syconoids

they have multiple sites lined with choanocytes before it gets to the spongocoel

1. dermal ostium leads to

2. incurrent canal which has

3. prosopyle

4. radial canal lined with choanocytes

5. exits canal from interal ostium

6. spongocoel not lined with choanocytes

7. osculum

how do leuconoid filter feed

1. dermal ostium

2. incurrent canal

3. flagellated chamber

4. excurrent canal that leads to osculum

   1. no spongeocel

dimorphism

having 2 different body forms in the same life cycle

• polyp and medusa

purpose of nerve net for cniderians

• senses things on epidermis and gastrodermis with neurosensory cells

  • bidirectional transmission of impulses

three layers of cnidarians

1. epidermis

2. mesoglea

3. gastrodermis

purpose of outer epidermal/epithelia cells in cnidaria

• absorb nutrients

• permit tentacle shortening

  • run longitudinally

purpose of contraction of nutritive muscular cells

allow tentacle elongation

• get help from gastrovascular cavity

how do cnidarians eat

use nematocysts to stun prey

• tentacles will contract and bring prey towards mouth then use peristalisis

what does glutathione do

stimulates mouth opening

what does anandamide do

increases mouth closure

• once organism realizes food isn’t coming it will eventually close its mouth

• stimulates apatite

THC

mimics anadamide

how do cnidaria digest food

1. gastrovascular cavity secretes enzymes to help digestion and breaks it down into partially digested food (extracellular)

2. nutritive-muscular cells phagocytize the partially digested food (intracellular)

statocysts

control of balance

• detect gravity

  • help organism know which way in the water is up and down

ocelli

light receptors

sensory lappets

touch/chemical receptors

rhopalium

form a sense organ around fringes of medusae umbrella

• made of statocysts, ocelli, sensory lappets

how to tell difference of turbellaria, trematoda, monogenea, cestoda

turbellaria: free living

trematoda: parasitic, internal, digestive tract (endoparasite)

monogenea: parasitic, external (ectoparasite)

cestoda: parasitic, internal (endoparasite)