biodiv lab practical 1

Field of view

the area that can be seen through the ocular lens

what lens do you look through?

Ocular lens

the flat surface that holds the slide is...

the stage

To allow more/less light through the specimen on the stage, open and close the. . .

diaphram

magnification

when an image is increased in size

resolution

amount of clarity of an image being viewed

the larger adjustment knob that is used to focus when using the shortest objective lens is called...

the coarse adjustment knob.

what is total magnification mean?

number of times a specimens image has been enlarged.

how do you calculate an image's total magnification?

multiply the ocular lens magnification times the objective lens magnification.

what is a condenser and where is it found?

toward the base of the microscope, and it condenses the light that hits the specimen for magnification

iris diaphram

adjusts amount of light entering condenser

what moves the slide around?

stage mechanism

working distance

the distance between the bottom of the objective lens and the stage

depth of field

the distance in which the specimen appears to be in focus

monocular

scope only has one lens for viewing specimens

binocular

scope as two ocular lenses for viewing specimens

How is the image distorted when looking through a microscope

it is inverted and upside down

why does the image appear backwards and upside down?

because the image is a reflection off of mirrors

what happens when you view a specimen at a lower power vs a higher one?

you have more area in the field of view, so more of the specimen can be seen

what happens when the power is increased?

the depth of field becomes less and less (string experiment)

Is an open iris diaphram better for a higher power or is a closed iris diaphram better?

closed because as the power increases, less light is needed

When chloroplasts move during photosynthesis, what is this called?

streaming

What causes streaming?

light energy particles charge the chloroplast, and must come in contact with other chloroplasts so that energy can be spread

what two organisms were seen when looking at a sample of pond water?

Euglena and Paramecium

why is it more difficult to find something at a higher power verses a lower one?

because the field of view and depth of field becomes smaller and smaller with the increase of power. It takes a lot more movement to find something verses just using a lower power

nose piece

holds the objective lenses and spins so the lenses can easily be changed

the process of inductive reasoning involves

the use of specific observations to develop general principles

hypothesis

a possible explanation of an observation

Eutrophication

excessive plant/algae growth due to increased availability of growth factors needed for photosynthesis.

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)

algal blooms that create harmful toxins

what factors can contribute to HABs?

water and wind currents, overfeeding, sluggish water circulation, and high temperatures

what two nutrients contribute to HABs

nitrogen and phosphorus

N = ?

Nitrogen

P = ?

Phosphorus

K = ?

Potassium

what nutrient is responsible for heat and pest stress resistance

potassium

flower and fruit production?

phosphorus

lots of leafy green foliage

Nitrogen

healthy root system

phosphorus

in 2014 in toledo OH, they were advised not to drink the tap water. Why? Could boiling the water help?

Because there was an outbreak of HAB that created a toxin within the water that couldn't be boiled off

when is an article scholarly?

specific, often narrow in field, and intended for researchers and have unpublished research

when is an article popular?

when the topics have a broad field, there aren't long, and article is mostly an overview, reported for anyone not someone in particular

primary article is....

an article written by a first hand account, these are the contemporary accounts and are the original documents

secondary article is...

an article written to interpret the primary sources, often have one or more steps removed, they add conjecture and points of view, along with conclusions

how many microliters are in a milliliter

there are 1000 microliters in a milliliter

what are the steps of the scientific method?

1) make an observation

2) form a question

3) make a hypothesis

4)conduct an experiment

5)analyze data and draw a conclusion

dependent variable is?

the variable you are measuring

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

prokaryotic

do not have any membrane bound organelles, or nucleus and is usually a single celled organism

eukaryotic

when an organism contains a membrane bound nucleus along with specialized organelles and can be single or multi celled

colony

when individual organism cluster together and live in close association with one another

archaea

genetically distinct unicellular mircoorganisms that live/inhabit extreme conditions

endosymbiosis

the relationship between two organisms where one organism lives inside the other organism

autotroph

where an organism makes its own organic nutrients from other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

heterotroph

an organism that has to find nutritional requirements from other sources of food in order to get the needed nutrients because they cannot synthesize organic matter from inorganic compounds

Mixotroph

an organism that can do both, synthesize its own organic nutrients from inorganic compounds and can also absorb nutrients from elsewhere

Flagella

slender threadlike structure that is a microscopic appendage to promote mobility

cilia

minute hair like organelles almost identical to flagella that lines surfaces to create locomotion

pseudopodia

temporary cytoplasm filled projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane to create locomotion

contractile vacuole

membrane enveloped cellular organelle that expands and contracts to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium

Euglena belongs to

eukarya

Characteristics of euglena

autotrophic, heterotrophic, aerobic, flagella, nucleus and chlorophyll

paramecium characteristics

heterotrophic and cilia

comparison of euglena and paramecium

they both are unicellular and have a contractile vacuole

diatoms characteristics

chloroplasts, radical symmetry, bilateral symmetry, autotropic, they are non-motile and have a glass like cell wall made of silica, they can be pennate or concentric, which means rectangular or circular

amoeba characteristics

heterotrophic, that use psuedopodia, have a plasma membrane, nucleus and a contractile vacuole

comparison of paramecium and amoeba

they are both heterotrophic and motile, eukaryotic and have a contractile vacuole

spirogyra

is a freshwater, filamentous green alga in the chlorophtye lineage. they have spiral chloroplasts

slime mold types

plasmodial slime molds, Cellular slime molds, and labyrinthulomycota

Physarum belongs to what group?

plasmodial slime molds

what is the difference between plasmodial vs cellular slime molds

plasmodial has multiple nuclei but is one giant cell, while cellular is a conglomerate of cells. This allows scientists to study cytoplasmic streaming and is easily manipulated

what is sporangium?

is a cluster of spores that allow these molds to conglomerate and spread to new habitats and is produced when living conditions become unfavorable allowing these protists to continue on in new habitats

where would you find a slime mold?

youd find a slime mold in a moist terrestrial habitat such as decaying wood or fresh cow dung

similarity between a bacteria and an amoeba?

they are both motile

difference between bacteria and an amoeba

bacteria colonize while ameobas stay single

similarity of algae and a plant

both are photosynthetic

difference of algae and plant

plants absorb nutrients through the roots while algaes do not

slime molds are not...

a fungi

symbiosis

how two different living organisms live together and depend on each other

bioluminescence

the production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism