Textbook Info- Ethics Exam #1

Ethics

the study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

Normative ethics

justification and moral standards or norms

Metaethics

study of meaning and justification of moral beliefs

Applied ethics

use of moral norms and concepts to resolve moral issues

reasonableness, universality, impartiality, normative dominance

4 moral norms

healthcare, research, biotech

what does bioethics focus on

Principlism

relies on a set of core ethical principles to resolve moral problems

Rawl’s therory

justice as a fairness

natural law theory

right actions are those conforming to moral standards through human reason

1) paternalistic model

2) informative model

3) interpretive model

4) deliberative model

what are the four models of the physican-patient relationship

paternalistic model

ensures patient recieves interventions that best promotes their health and well being

informative model

physican provides the patient will all relevant info

interpretive model

makes patient values clear and what patient actually wants

deliberative model

help patient determine and choose best health related values

medical diagnosis and prognosis, nature of recommended care, alternatives including risks benefits consequences of each

factors appreciation includes in a clinical assessment

mental illness and religious beliefs

what special situations does a patient not automatically lack capacity

knowledge and beneficence

values that shape medical science

using humans as tools or instraments to achieve a goal of obtaining scientific knowledge

ethical concern of a control group

exposes participant to risk of non treatment or worsening illness

ethical concern of a placebo

scientists observed natural, long term effects of untreated syphilis of 600 enrolled black men

what is the tuskegee tragedy

lack of informed consent, intentional withholding of treatment, severe harm and death, exploitation of vulnerability, active deception

what is unethical about the tuskegee tragedy

Jospef Mengele

conducted reserach on twins and gypisies in holocaust during WW2

performed crosstransfusions, transplanted genitals and other organs, infected one child then killed both for autopsy, created artificial Siamese twins

what did Josef Mengele do to twins

1) the nuremburg code

2) the declaration of Helsinki

3) the belmont report

4) the national reserach act

How you can treat humans

respect for persons, benefience, justice

3 focuses of the belmont report

spontaneous abortion

known as miscarriage, abortion due to natural causes

induced abortion

intentional termination of pregnancy

therapeutic abortion

abortion performed to preserve the life or health of the mother

conception

feterlization, sperm enters the ovum and they merge together to form a zygote

quickening

can feel the fetus moving

viability

the fetus may be able to live outside the uterus (at 23 or 24 weeks)