Test 4 Christian Thought

what is virginity

commitment of a woman to never have sex

what is celibacy

without sex, unmarried

what is chastity

faithfulness or appropriateness in sexual acts

what is sacrament

sacred religious practice through baptism/communion

what is transubstantiation

what actually happen to Eucharist

what is abbot/abbess

head of a monastery

what is simony

buying and selling of church offices

what is a mendicant

“begging”

what is nationalism

belief that people who share a common identity, culture, language, should have loyalty to their nation

what is a reliquary

container/shrine that holds religious relics (bones, clothing)

what is a relic

object associated with a saint

what is pilgrimage

journey to a sacred or holy place for religious reasons

If in previous periods Christianity had to prove that was intellectually sophisticated, what changed how Christianity had to present its message in the early middle ages?

they had to present it’s message to new converts through visual art (paintings) and practices

How would you characterize the social and economic world of the early middle ages? Provide details about why your would characterize it that way.

The church was center for educational, religious, and cultural life. Trade started to decline and cities were shaped around kings and nobles

What role did the monasteries play in society in the early middle ages?

they were center for monks, education, and social centers

Describe Benedictine monasticism and its importance in the middle ages.

he wanted his monks to have 2 meals a day, fresh fruit available, allowance of wine, pillow and cover

Describe two contrasting views on how the bread and wine convey grace in the Eucharist

1. bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ

2. they remain bread and wine and serve as symbols of Christ body and blood

Why did the role of saints develop and become important in the early middle ages?

people wanted protection and connection to God during political instability

How/in what way were saints a part of Christian devotional life?

pilgrimages and relics were believed to provide spiritual guidance

Who was Charlemagne and what reforms did he initiate?

King in the West, converted to Christianity, was named emperor. enacted laws to promote education in monasteries and churches

What was the Carolingian Renaissance?

it was a revival of education, literature, and art under Charlemagne

What were the goals of the Crusades? (5)

1. defeat muslims of Constantinople

2. save Bizatyne Empire

3. unite East and West branches of church

4. reconquer Holy Land and have it in Christian possession

5. hope to win heaven

What were the outcomes of the Crusades? (5)

1. increase mistrust between Muslims and Christians

2. increase mistrust between east and west

3. increase power of popes

4. Christian piety became focused on relics and mysticism

5. development of cities

Describe the mendicant orders we covered in class- name, origin, focus, why they are important.

1. Franciscans: founded by Francis of Assisi, decided to devote life to poverty. Poor clares (no possesions)

2. Dominicans: mendicant order but founded by preachers

What new economic, political, and military conditions contributed to the loss of confidence and authority in the papacy during the late middle ages?

Black plague, increase power in monarchies, and collection of taxes

What was the Black Death and how was it able to spread so quickly and easily in the late middle ages?

“Bubonic Plague”. it was spread through fleas and black mice. would begin with a fever but would rapidly increase to death

What economic and religious outcomes resulted from the Great Plague?

economy disrupted, unemployment increased. Increase in mystical experiences

What was the conciliar movement?

an attempt to reform the catholic church by arguing that church councils should have greater authority than the pope

Who was John Wycliffe and what reforms did he advocate? What is he best known for?

known for translating the Bible to English. believed all legitimate authority came from God. Believed pastors should not hold offices, against icons, rejected transubstantiation

who was Jan Hus and what reforms did he advocate

believed unworthy pope does not mean to be obeyed. Believed laity should receive Eucharist in both kinds. believed forgiveness cannot be bought or sold. Was burned at the stake

“If then, as is certain, that celestial city must be completed from among men, and this cannot happen unless the aforesaid satisfaction is made, while no one save God can make it and no one save man ought to make it, it is necessary for a God-Man to make it”

Anselm of Canterbury “Why God Became Man”

“Now it seems to us that we have been justified by the blood of Christ and reconciled to God in this way: through his unique act of grace manifested to us—in that his Son has taken upon himself our nature and persevered therein in teaching us by word and example even unto death…”

Peter Abelard, Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans

“Praised be you, my Lord, through our Sister Bodily Death, from whom no living man can escape. woe to those who die in mortal sin. blessed are those whom death will find in Your most holy will, for the second death shall do them no harm. praise and bless my Lord and give him thanks and serve him with great humility”

Francis of Assisi, The Canticle of Brother Sun

“And those who came to receive life gave to the poor everything which they were capable of possessing and they were content with one tunic, patched inside and out, with a cord and short trousers. And we had no desire for anything more”

Francis of Assisi, The Testament

“As to the fourth kind of power, namely, ruling and governing, we shall say that all three causes concur simultaneously. For we shall say that earthly power and rule most obey and serve the spiritual power and rule for all three reasons mentioned: because it is more particular, and because it disposes and prepares the materials, and because this earthly power does not come so close to what is best or attain it so perfectly as the other”

Giles of Rome, On Ecclesiastical Power

“Wherefore man had need of a twofold directive power according to his twofold end, to wit, the supreme pontiff to lead the human race, in accordance with things revealed, to eternal life; and the emperor, to direct human race to temporal felicity in accordance with the teachings of philosophy”

Dante Alighieri, De Monarchia

“How then should you perceive God? You should do so without any medium, without images, and without comparisons. In order to perceive God in an immediate way, I must simply become him, and he must simply become me”

Mesiter Eckhart, Sermons

“And while she stood thus in prayer I saw the Child in her womb move; suddenly in a moment she gave birth to her own Son from whom radiated such ineffable light and splendor that the sun was not comparable to it while the divine light totally annihilated the material light of St. Joseph’s candle”

Bridget of Sweden, Revelation of the Nativity

“And thus is Jesus our true Mother in kind, of our first making; and he is our true Mother in grace by his taking of our made kind. All the fair working and all the sweetkindly office of our most dear Motherhood are appropriated to the second Person”

Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love

“and so God willed that the people be taught his laws in diverse tongues. But what man on God’s behalf should reverse God’s ordinance and his will? For this reason Saint Jerome labored and translated the Bible from diverse tongues into Latin that it might after be translated into other tongues. Thus Christ and his apostles taught the people in that tongue that was best known to them. Why should men not do so now?

John Wycliffe, On the Pastoral Office

“But since now clergy do not recieve freely, they likewise do not give freely, neither absolution, nor ordination, nor extreme unction, nor other spiritual things”

John Hus, On Simony

“If apostles and martyrs while still in the body can pray for others, when they ought still to be anxious for themselves, how much more must they do so when they have won their crowns, overcome, and triumphed”

Jerome, Against Vigilantius

“I do not deny that holy women are found both among widows and those who have husbands; but they are such as have ceased to be wives, or such as, even in the close bond of marriage”

Jerome, The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary

“If anyone has sinned in the thoughts of his heart and immediately repents, he shall beat his breast and seek pardon from God and make satisfaction, that he may be whole”

Finnian of Clonard

“A sacrament is anything handed down to us in any divine celebration as a pledge of salvation, when what is visibly done accomplishes inwardly something far different, to be taken in a holy sense. They are called sacraments either because they are secret in that in the visible act divinity inwardly accomplishes something secretly through the corporeal appearance, or from the sanctifying consecration, because the Holy Spirit, remaining in the body of Christ, latently accomplishes for the salvation of the faithful all these mystical sacraments under the cover of things visible”

Paschasius Radbertus, The Lord’s Body and Blood

Outwardly it has the shape of bread which it had before, the color is exhibited, the flavor is received, but inwardly something far different, much more precious, much more excellent, becomes known, because something heavenly, something divine, that is, Christ’s body, is revealed, which is not beheld, or received, or consumed by the fleshly senses but in the gaze of the believing soul”

Ratramnus of Corbie, Christ’s Body and Blood