ANAp 1004

anatomy and physiology 1004

why do we use Latin as a base language for medical terminology?

no one naively speaks it so its neutral and the language isn't constantly evolving

what is a root word?

essential meaning of the word

What is a suffix?

the ending of a word, recorded with a dash at the beginning

what is a prefix?

part added at the beginning of a word/term indicated with a dash after it

A-, An-

no, not

Aut-

self

Dia-

complete, through

Dys-

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

endo-

within

exo-

outside

hemi-

half

hyper-

excessive, too much, more then average

hypo-

below, less then average, under expectations

-al

pertaining to

-cyte

cell

-emia

blood condition

-globin

protein

-gram

record

-itis

inflammation

-osis

abnormal condition

-scopy

visual examination

-tomy

cutting into (incision)

arthr/o

joint

carcin/o

cancer, cancerous

encephal/o

brain

gnos/o

knowledge

hem/o

blood

hepat/o

liver

leuk/o

white

nephr/o

kidney

oste/o

bone

path/o

disease

ren/o

kidney

sarc/o

flesh

Thromb/o

clotting

what are most cells composed of?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

what percentage of the cell is water?

60%

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

phospholipid bilayer

what end of the phosphlipid is hydrophobic?

the lipid tail

what are the types of juntions that do not allow substances to pass through?

tight juntions

what type of junction allows cell-to-cell communication and molecules to pass through?

gap junctions

what do desmosomes do?

anchor cells to protect them from mechanical stress and being pulled apart

what is the plasma membrane?

the phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell

what does the plasma membrane do?

contains the cell and its organelles, aswell as controles what molecules can move in and out.

what is the cytoplasm?

the cytoplasm is the fluid/gel that surrounds and seperates the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

What is the mitochondria?

the double membrane organelle, "powerhouse of the cell"

what does the mitochondria do?

facilitates ATP synthesis and aerobic respiration

what are ribosomes?

dense particules consisting of 2 subunits, composed of rRNA and protein. can be free or attatched

what do ribosomes do?

theyre sites of protein synthesis

what is the rough ER?

membranous system of tunnels through cytoplasm

what does the rough ER do?

what is the smooth ER?

the smooth ER is a membranous system of tunnels and sacs

what does the smooth ER do?

it is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

what is the golgi apperatus?

the golgi apperatus is a stack of flattened memranes vesicles close to the ER

what does the golgi apparatus do?

the golgi apparatus packages, modifies, segregrates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorperate into the plasma membrane

what are peroxisomes?

the membranous scas that hold oxidase and catalase enzymes

what do peroxisomes do?

enzymes to detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide

what are lysosomes?

membranous sacs that contain acid hydrolases

what do lysosomes do?

lysosomes are the site of intracellular digestion. the "stomach of te cell"

what are microtubules?

clindrical structures made of tubulin proteins

what are microtubules for?

to help support the cell and give it shape, aswell as being involved in intracellular and cellular movements.

what are microfiliments?

fine filiments composed of actin

what are microfiliments for?

involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movements. help form the cell cytoskeleton

what are intermediate filiments?

protein fibers

what are intermediate filiments for?

help in stable cytoskeleton elements. resist mechanical forces.

what are centrioles?

paired cylindrical bodies each composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

what do centrioles do?

they organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form spindles and asters.

what is the nucleus?

the largest organelle, nuclear envolope that encloses fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin.

what does the nucleus do?

controle center of the cell, transmits genetic infromation and instructions for protein synthesis

what is the nuclear envelope?

double layer membrane pierced by large pores.

what does the nuclear envelope do?

controles molecular movement in and out of the nucleus, seperates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

what is the nucleolus?

dense, spherical bodies composed of rRNA and proteins

what does the nucleolus do?

site of ribosomal subunit manufacturing

what is chromatin?

granular. threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins

what does chromatin do?

Condenses DNA into a form that fits into and can be used by the nucleus.

how many types of different cells does the human body have?

200

what is an example of a cell that connects body parts?

fibroblasts

what is an example of a cell that covers/lines body parts?

epithelial cells

what is an example of a cell that moves organs/ body parts?

skeletal muscle cells

what is an example of a cell that stores nutrients?

fat cells

what is an example of a cell that fights disease?

macrophages

what is an example of cells that gather infromation to control body functions?

nerve cells

what is an example of a cell used for reporduction?

sperm cells

what are the 7 key things a cell will do?

metabolize, digest food, dispose of waste, reproduce, grow, move, react to stimuli

what does intracellular fluid contain?

gases, nutrients, salts dissolved in water

what does extracellular flud (intersticial fluid) contain?

nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products.

what is a solution?

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more liquids

what are some examples of solutions?

sea water and rubbing alcohol

what is a solvent?

the substance present in the largest amount in a solution

what is a solute?

substances present in smaller amounts in a solution?

in sea water what is the solvent? what is the solute?

solvent= water. solute= salt

what is isotonic?

solutions that have the same solute and water concentration as a cell.

what is hypotonic?

solutions that have fewer solutes then a cell

what is hypertonic?

solutions that have more solutes then a cell

what type of permeability does the plasma membrane have?

selectively permeable

what materials can pass into the cell?

nutrients

what are passive processes?

substances that are transported across the membrane without any input from the cell

what is an active process?

the cell providing metabolic energy (ATP) to drive transportation processes

what are the types of passive membrane transport?

simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

what types of molecules does simple diffusion happen to?

lipid-soluble molecules like fats, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, and other small ions.