short answer 3

adaptive value - habituation and sensitization

occurs in every species

sorts stimuli into 2 categories - relevant and irrelevant

• •Stimuli that repeatedly occur and do not signal anything can distract organisms from other, more important, stimuli

limits to what where when

•These tasks can be solved without the same mental processes as humans

•Human memories can be retrieved spontaneously

•Memory encoding could be different when subjects are given repeated exposure to situation

limits

birds cannot speak about internal state - cannot speak on memory

semantic memory is introduced when birds learn rule based memory of when the worms decay

performance decreases as complexities are added

3 variables - species uses a tool

a predisposition to engage with certain objects using defined action patterns

operant conditioning

observational learning

observational learning - effective tool use - capuchin monkeys

young pay close attention to behavior

nuts are cracked open using stones

• learned around 3 years

underlying prerequisite to insightful problem solving

learning history, previous exposure

birds did not know how to stack boxes unless they had previous experiences with boxes in their habitat