Introduction to Atomic Structure and Electromagnetic Radiation

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 1 on atomic structure, energy equations, kinetic vs potential energy, electromagnetic spectrum, line spectra, Bohr's model, and Rydberg's equations.

What are the base units that condense into a Joule ($J$)?

$$kg \times m^2 / s^2$$

What equation defines total energy in terms of heat and work?

$\text{Energy} = q + w$, where $q$ is heat and $w$ is work.

How is work ($w$) calculated in terms of force and distance?

$$\text{Work} = \text{Force} \times \text{Distance}$$

What is potential energy, and what are two examples mentioned in the transcript?

Potential energy is energy stored in chemical bonds. Examples include food (such as a cheeseburger) and batteries.

What formula is used to calculate kinetic energy ($KE$)?

$KE = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$, where $m$ is mass and $v$ is speed.

Why does Cristiano Ronaldo have greater kinetic energy than Lionel Messi according to the lecture?

Ronaldo has both a greater mass and a higher top speed, both of which are directly proportional to kinetic energy.

What is the mathematical relationship between wavelength and frequency?

They are inversely proportional; as wavelength increases, frequency decreases.

Why are Arctic reindeer able to spot urine and lichen in the snow?

Urine and lichen fluoresce in the ultraviolet (UV) range, which Arctic reindeer eyes are capable of seeing.

Why is the electromagnetic spectrum called 'electromagnetic'?

Because light moves as oscillating waves composed of two perpendicular fields: an electric field and a magnetic field.

What constant value is used for the speed of light ($c$)?

$$3 \times 10^8combination_m/s$$

What formula relates the speed of light ($c$), wavelength ($\lambda$), and frequency ($\nu$)?

$$c = \lambda \nu$$

How many nanometers ($nm$) are in one meter ($m$)?

$$10^9\,nm$$

What do the black lines on an atomic absorption spectrum represent?

They represent the specific wavelengths of energy absorbed by the atom to move electrons to higher energy states.

What creates the colored lines seen on an atomic emission spectrum?

Electrons relaxing back down to lower energy states and releasing/emitting the energy they previously absorbed.

What color light does hydrogen emit when its excited electrons relax back to the ground state?

Pink

What color light is emitted by pure neon when exposed to energy?

Orange

What atomic model did Niels Bohr propose?

A model where electrons are restricted to quantized orbits or shells ($n = 1, 2, \dots, 7$) around the nucleus.

What does it mean for electron shell levels to be 'quantized'?

Electrons can only exist in specific, fixed energy levels (like steps on a staircase) and cannot exist between shells.

What is the difference between an electron's ground state and an excited state?

The ground state is the lowest energy resting state. An excited state occurs when the electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher shell.

What equation calculates the energy ($E$) of a photon using Planck's constant ($h$) and frequency ($\nu$)?

$$E = h \nu$$

What is the value of Planck's constant ($h$) given in the lecture?

$$6.626 \times 10^{-34}$$

An electron transitioning from shell 2 to shell 1 emits radiation in which electromagnetic region?

Ultraviolet (UV) range

Electron transitions that fall from higher shells down to shell 2 ($n = 2$) fall into which region of the spectrum?

Visible light range

What marine organism's bioluminescence is used as an everyday example of electron excitation and emission?

Dinoflagellates (algae that emit blue light when disturbed)

What is Rydberg's equation for calculating wavelength ($\lambda$) during electron transitions?

$$\frac{1}{\lambda} = R_H \left( \frac{1}{n_{\text{lower}}^2} - \frac{1}{n_{\text{higher}}^2} \right)$$

What is the value of Rydberg's constant ($R_H$)?

$$1.097 \times 10^7\,m^{-1}$$

How does the distance between adjacent energy shells change as the shell number ($n$) increases away from the nucleus?

The shells get closer together as you move further from the nucleus.