HTH 100 Exam 3

Wilson - JMU

strep throat pathogen

bacteria

strep throat way of transmission

droplets, direct contact

measles/mumps pathogen

virus

measles/mumps ways of transmission

airbourne droplets

tetanus pathogen

bacteria

tetanus way of transmissoin

direct contact through wounds/cuts contaminated with spores

ringworm pathogen

fungus

ringworm way of transmission

direct or indirect contact (contaminated surfaces)

influenza pathogen

virus

influenza way of transmission

droplets, airborne

cold sores (herpes-1) pathogen

virus

cold sores (herpes-1) way of transmission

direct contact (skin to skin, kissing)

pneumonia pathogen

bacteria

pneumonia way of transmission

droplets, airborne

athletes foot pathogen

fungus

athletes foot way of transmission

direct contact, indirect contact (contaminated surfaces like floors)

zika pathogen

virus

zika way of transmission

vector-borne (mosquitoes), can also be through sexual contact

cholera pathogen

bacteria

cholera way of transmission

waterborne, foodborne, contaminated water/food

Helper T Cells produce _________ (chemicals that stimulate the activation of Killer T and B cells)

cytokine

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens are called

antibodies

The two main types of white blood cells involved in adaptive immunity are

T cells and B cells

Jason received immunoglobulin injections after being exposed to hepatitis A. What type of immunity does this provide?

passive immunity

Which of the following statements about vaccines are incorrect?

A) Strict tests are conducted before vaccines are licensed

B) Vaccines are approved by advisory committees(virology, microbiology, statistics, epidemiology, pathogenesis).

C) vaccines have helped increase the average American life span by 30 years

D) Vaccines always provoke a strong enough immune system to avoid disease

D) Vaccines always provoke a strong enough immune response to avoid disease.

A substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and triggers an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

Recent outbreaks of whooping cough in the United States have been primarily caused by

people choosing not to vaccinate their children

Common allergens include all of the following EXCEPT

stress

An organism that transmits disease from one host to another is called a(n)

vector

Which of the following is NOT a vector of disease?

A) a tick

B) a mosquito

C) contaminated food

D) a flea

C) contaminated food

accurately list the correct order of the six links in the chain of infection

pathogen; reservoir; portal of exit; means of transmission; portal of entry; new host

Maria has a sinus infection and asks her doctor for antibiotics. Best describe what Maria should understand about antibiotics and infections.

Antibiotics are effective only against bacterial infections, so they won't help if her infection is viral.

if you want to reduce your risk of catching a cold, which would be the BEST advice?

Wash your hands frequently and avoid touching your face

best describe how antibiotic resistance develops

Bacteria mutate and develop resistance when exposed to antibiotics over time.

The contagious period of an infectious disease is when

a person can spread the infection to others

Which of the following factors weakens the immune system?

chronic sleep deprivation

What is the body's primary physical barrier against infection?

skin

A person experiencing anaphylaxis needs an immediate injection of:

epinephrine - epi pen

Why don't antibiotics help when you have the flu?

The flu is viral, and antibiotics act only on bacteria.

What is the yellowing of the skin in hepatitis patients called?

jaundice

Type 1 diabetes is considered an example of what kind of disorder?

autoimmune

T or F: Antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are activated B lymphocytes

True

T or F: Heart disease is considered to be an epidemic.

false

T or F: Common asthma triggers include pollen, mold, pet dander, and dust mites.

true

T or F: To cause infection, a pathogen must successfully enter the bloodstream

false

T or F: A person can be contagious and spread disease before showing any symptoms.

true

T or F: COVID-19 is transmitted primarily through contaminated surfaces.

False

T or F: Vaccination can prevent many serious bacterial and viral infections

True

T or F: taking antibiotics exactly as prescribed and completing the full course helps prevent antibiotic resistance.

true

T or F: Viral mutations are a key factor in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains.

false

T or F: Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an autoimmune disease.

True

T or F: Getting less than seven hours of sleep per night can impair immune function

true

T or F: The influenza virus remains stable, which is why the same flu vaccine works each year.

false

T or F: Handwashing is one of the single most effective ways to prevent the spread of infectious disease

True

T or F: HPV vaccination can prevent all types of cancer

false

Microscopic organisms live…

in us, on us, with us

pathogen

An organism that causes disease

infection

an invasion of the body by a microorganism that leads to an array of inflammatory responses

how are diseases transmitted?

droplets, airbourne, direct contact, indirect contact, waterborne, foodborne, vector-borne (bugs)

droplet/airborne transmission

releasing respiratory droplets containing pathogens in the air

• coughing, sneezing, talking

ex) covid, flu, strep

prevention: handwashing, cough/sneeze etiquette, masks

direct transmission

immediate transfer of an infection agent from an infected individual to a susceptible individual without the involvement of any intermediary object or vectors

• kissing, handshaking, wound or bite

ex) flu, chicken pox, STI

indirect transmission

spread of infectious diseases through an intermediary host or subject

• airborne, vector bourne, soil-borne, water-borne

ex) flu (crowded room), malaria (mosquitos), e.coli(contaminated food), ringworm (contaminated soil)

food-borne and waterborne transmission

spread of illness-causing oathogens (bacteria,viruses, parasites) through contaminated water or food

• ingesting, bathing/swimming, food prep

ex) bacteria: salmonella, viruses: norovirus, parasites: giardia

vector borne transmission

spread of infectious diseases through the bite or contact with infected mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and flies

• bite

ex) zika virus, yellow fever, west nile,

endemic disease

constantly present in a population or region, with relatively low spread

• flu, common cold, lyme disease (northeast)

epidemic disease

sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population

• 2010 cholera in haiti, 2022 ebola in uganda, 2026 measles & whooping cough (pertussis) in US

pandemic disease

sudden increase in cases across several countries, continents or the world

• 2020 covid 19, 2009 H1N1 influenze (swine flu), 1918 influenza (spanish flu)

stages of infection

Incubation period, Prodromal stage, Full stage of illness, Decline, Convalescent period

Stage 1: Incubation Stage

the time between exposure to an infection disease and the start of systems

Stage 2: Prodromal Stage

"contagious stage"

period between the asymptomatic and the illness stage

early, nonspecific systems (immune system begins to react)

pathogens continue to multiply

Stage 3: Illness Stage

"active stage"

symptoms are APPARENT

highest concentration of pathogen within body (illness in full effect)

Stage 4: Decline Stage

immune system has begun successfully fight of the pathogen

number of infections particles in the body is still decreasing, leading roi a reduction in symptoms

individual's health gradually improves

person may still be contagious and susceptible to secondary infections (opportunistic infection)

Stage 5: Convalescence

period of RECOVERY

Body gradually returns to its previous state of health

Caution: symptoms lessen and infectious agent

decrease, individual is susceptible to secondary infections - weakened immune system

Breaking Chain of Infection

Infectious Agent - see doctor, use correct cleaning

Reservoir- clean environment, disinfectant, wash hands

Portal of Exit- wearing PPE, washing hands, cover cough

Mode of Transmission - control airflow, handle food properly, self isolate

Portal of Entry - taking proper care of wounds, scrubs during surgery

Susceptible host - treating primary disease while identifying those at higher risk

body's three defense systems

1. physical & chemical barrier

2. immune system

3. vaccinations

Physical & Chemical Barriers (First Line of Defense)

saliva - antibacterial enzymes

tears - antibacterial enzymes

SKIN: physical barrier, secretes oils/antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens

NOSE: lots of little hairs & mucus -> trap pathogens

Stomach Acid: hydrochloic acid kills pathogens

Immune System

white blood cells

phagocytosis: track, bind, engulf, destroy

anti-toxins: small molecules that combine and counteract the toxins

antibodies: act as signals for white blood cells to come destroy pathogens, once immune systems find out which antibody kills pathogens and remembers if they come again

Antigen

Molecules that trigger the immune response in the body

Substances the body recognizes as foreign and potentially harmful

Antibodies

Specialized proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign invaders (antigen: bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens).

-> Bind to antigens and mark the pathogen for destruction by macrophages (engulfs pathogens)

Innate Immunity

the first response of the body's immune system to a harmful foreign substance.

Components:

• Physical barrier: skin, mucous membrane, cilia

• Chemical barrier: anti-microbial peptides (proteins that defend infections)

• Cells: white blood cells

• Inflammatory mediators: cytokines (small proteins secreted by cells to regulate immune responses)

Adaptive Active Immunity

A long-term defense acquired by the immune system's exposure to a specific pathogen.

Leads to the production of memory cells that "remember" the invader

Adaptive Active Immunity PROCESS

1. Exposed to Pathogen

2. T cells and B cells Recognize foreign molecule antigen

3. Immune cells are activated and rapidly multiply

4. Target/Attack (T-cells attack infected cells; B-cells produce antibodies)

5. Immunology Memory - after infection is cleared, both T and B cells remain in body

6. Future Protection - if same pathogen invades, T & B cells quickly recognize and respond

Acute Inflammatory Response

body's quick natural reaction

-> injury
-> infection
-> harmful substance
Acute: starts quickly and usually lasts a short time
Inflammation: body's protective response to injury, infection, or irritation
Response: how the body reacts to the problem

what happens when you cut your finger?

1. Injury occurs: Cut finger, skin damage, risk of germs entering through opening
2. The alarm is raised (dendrite cells): Damage cells release chemical signals that alert nearby blood vessels and immune cells
3. More blood flows to the area: Blood vessels widen, bringing more blood and allowing fluid and immune cells to move into the injured tissue
4. White blood cells fight (T and B cells): Immune cells move to the affected area, destroy invading germs, and remove damaged cells and debris
5. Healing begins: Once the threat is controlled, inflammation settles down and the body repairs the damaged tissues

Chronic Inflammatory Response

Occurs when the body's immune system stays active for a long time, sometimes for weeks, months, or even years
-> Continues when the problem does not go away or when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues

Chronic: long-lasting
Inflammation: the body's protective reaction to injury, infection, or a harmful substances
Chronic inflammatory response: the body's defense system remains active for a prolonged period

How does Chronic Inflammation happen?

1. A problem begins (An infection persists, harmful substances remain or the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue)
2. The immune system stays active (Immune cells continue
releasing chemical signals the at maintain inflammation)
3. Tissues may become damaged (Ongoing inflammation can injure healthy cells and interfere with normal tissue repair)
4. Long-term effects may develop (Depending on the cause and location, the tissue may develop scarring, reduced function, or other complications)

Signs & Symptoms of Chronic Inflammatory Response

• Persistent pain or tenderness
• Swelling or stiffness, especially around joints
• Ongoing fatigue
• Repeated digestive problems, depending on the condition
• Changes in the affected organ's normal function
• Sometimes, unexplained fever or weight loss when an underlying disease is present

5 Signs of Inflammation

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Immunity

• Generally, occurs after an infection
• Memory T and B cells continue to circulate in the blood within the lymphatic system
• T and B Cells recognize the invader and destroys it before it can cause illness
• Subsequent result: Adaptive Immunity

Immunization

the ability of the immune system to: remember previously encountered organisms, retain its ability to destroy or neutralize the organism

vaccines prime the immune system with…

an antigen similar to the pathogen

vaccine efficacy

refers to how the vaccine performs in ideal conditions - controlled by clinical trials

number of sickness of vaccinated compared to number of sickness receiving placebo

vaccine effectiveness

refers to how the vaccine performs in the wider populations

• how well the vaccine performs in the "real world" (missed doses, health conditions, virus variants)

how many years have vaccines increased american life spans by?

30 years

true or false: vaccines do not ALWAYS provoke a strong enough immune system to avoid disease

true

true or false: vaccines are approved by advisory committees

true

• virology, microbiology, statistics, epidemiology, pathogenesis

true or false: Strict tests are conducted before vaccines are licensed

true

• side effects may occur & it is the individuals decision

life attenuated vaccines

Use a weakened (attenuated) form of the live germ. They provide strong, lifelong immunity, often in just 1 or 2 doses, but may be unsafe for people with weakened immune systems.

• Examples: Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), chickenpox, and yellow fever.

Inactivated vaccines

Use a whole version of the germ that has been killed or inactivated with heat, chemicals, or radiation. They cannot cause the disease, produce a milder immune response, and usually require booster shots.

• Examples: Hepatitis A, annual flu shots, and polio

What happens when your Body's Immune System (meant to protect you) mistakenly attacks your own healthy cells, tissues, or organs?

autoimmune disorders