21ST LITERATURE

LITERATURES

The Iliad

• Achilles

• Trojan War

• Anger and heroism

The Odyssey

Odysseus

Journey home

Ithaca and adventures

• Kojiki

• = Japanese myths and creation stories.

• Man'yōshū

• = Collection of ancient Japanese poems.

The Pillow Book

= Personal observations by Sei Shōnagon.

• Ramayana =

• Rama, Sita, and Ravana

Mahabharata

= Pandavas and Kauravas; 18 Parvas.

Canterbury Tales

= Chaucer's collection of stories told by pilgrims.

• Divine Comedy =

• Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.

• Renaissance

• = Human potential and classical learning.

Neoclassical =

Logic, reason, and order.

Romantic

= Emotions, imagination, and nature.

• Humanism – focuses on human potential, dignity, intelligence, and achievements.

• Classical learning – studying ancient Greek and Roman works.

A. Renaissance Period

 Reason + Rules + Order.

Neoclassical Period

• Focused on emotions, imagination, creativity, nature, and individual freedom.

. Romantic Period

Old English Literature

Heroism + Fate + Courage.Beowulf is an important example.

Modernist Literature

• Writers experimented with literary techniques and storytelling structures.The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka.

  
  
  

Medieval Literature

Religion + Morality + Chivalry.

 French Literature

Les Misérables

• Author: Victor Hugo

• Main character: Jean Valjean

• Origin: France

• Themes: Social injustice, poverty, forgiveness, kindness, redemption, and self-sacrifice.

• It follows the life of a former prisoner who tries to change his life.

Themes include sin, punishment, repentance, redemption, and salvation.

Remember: Dante = The Divine Comedy = Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso.

Italian Literature

C. English Literature

The Canterbury Tales

• Author: Geoffrey Chaucer

• Origin: England

• It is a collection of stories told by pilgrims traveling to Canterbury.

• It presents different social classes, experiences, and characters in medieval society.

• It is an example of medieval narrative poetry.

Spanish Literature

Spanish warrior + Honor = El Cid Campeador.

E. Greek Literature

• ct.

The Iliad

• Author: Homer

• Main character: Achilles

• Focuses on the Trojan War and the anger of Achilles.

• Themes: Heroism, pride, honor, and confli

The Odyssey

• Author: Homer

• Main character: Odysseus

• Focuses on his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War.

• His journey involves supernatural creatures, obstacles, and adventures

American Literature

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

• Author: Mark Twain

• Main characters: Huck Finn and Jim

• Setting: Mississippi River

• Themes: Friendship, freedom, racism, and moral development.

Death of a Salesman

• Author: Arthur Miller

• Main character: Willy Loman

• Themes: American Dream, failure, identity, and family expectations.

• It explores the struggles of an ordinary salesman.

Poor Richard's Almanack

• Author: Benjamin Franklin

• Contains practical advice, proverbs, and sayings.

• Focuses on hard work, thrift, discipline, and everyday wisdom.

Anglo-American Literature

• British colonial influence played an important role in the development of early American literature.

. Angles and English Origins

• The name England is associated with the Angles.

• They contributed to the development of English identity and culture.
  The Angles were Germanic tribes that settled in Britain.

 Confucius

• His teachings were preserved in a collection called The Analects.

 Li

• Li refers to rituals, proper conduct, and appropriate behavior.t.

  
  
  

B. The Four Books of Chinese Classical Literature

Study the differences:

1. The Book of Changes

1. Philosophy and divination.

The Book of History

Historical records and government.

1. The Book of Odes

1. – Ancient Chinese poems and songs.

1. The Book of Rites

   
   

1. – Customs, ceremonies, rituals, and proper behavior.

Xuanzang + India + Buddhist Scriptures = Journey to the West.

. Journey to the West

• Author: Wu Cheng'en

• Origin: China

Xuanzang + India + Buddhist Scriptures

Journey to the West

• Author: Wu Cheng'en

• Origin: China

D. Romance of the Three Kingdoms

• Author: Luo Guanzhong

• Origin: China

• It describes the conflicts among three rival kingdoms following the decline of the Han Dynasty.

• The three kingdoms were Wei, Shu, and Wu.

Land of the Rising Sun.

Japan i

Kojiki

• he Record of Ancient Matters.

• Completed in A.D. 712.

• Contains ancient Japanese myths, legends, genealogy, and stories about Shinto gods.

• Explains the creation of Japan and the divine origins of the imperial family.

B. The Pillow Book

Author: Sei Shōnagon.

Written during the Heian Period.

Contains personal observations, lists, opinions, and reflections about court life.

It presents everyday experiences and observations.

C. Man'yōshū

 Collection of Japanese Poems.Means Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves.

. The Tale of Genji

• Author: Murasaki Shikibu.

• A famous Japanese literary work about court life, relationships, and romance during the Heian Period.

 Hyangga

 Early Korean Poetry + Silla Dynasty.

Hangul

• The Korean alphabet or writing system.

• Created under King Sejong in 1443.

• It made reading and writing more accessible to ordinary Korea

. Idu

• A writing system that used Chinese characters to represent the Korean language.

• It was used before Hangul became established.

B. Ramayana

• Traditionally attributed to Valmiki.

• One of the great Indian epics.

• It tells the story of Prince Rama and his effort to rescue his wife Sita from Ravana.
  hanuman 9 ally of rama)

• 
  

C. Mahabharata

• Traditionally attributed to Vyasa.

• One of India's greatest epic poems.

• It tells the story of the conflict between the Pandavas and the Kauravas.

• It is divided into 18 major books called Parvas.

D. Kalidasa

• Famous ancient Indian poet and playwright.

• Known for beautiful descriptions of nature and elegant poetic language.

• Commonly called the Shakespeare of India.

Remember: Shakespeare of India

Dharma

• Refers to duty, responsibility, and moral obligation.

 The Tale of Kieu

• Author: Nguyễn Du.

• Origin: Vietnam.

• Main character: Thúy Kiều.

• It tells the story of a woman who experiences many hardships and sacrifices.

• Themes include love, loyalty, family responsibility, suffering, and human dignity.

B. Folk Literature

Refers to stories, poems, songs, legends, and traditions passed down from generation to generation.

One Thousand and One Nights

• Also known as Arabian Nights.

• A collection of stories originating from different cultural traditions, including India, Persia, and the Middle East.

• Scheherazade is the central storyteller.

• She tells stories to King Shahryar.

The Qur'an

= Islam = Arabic.

1. Pre-colonial Period –

2. 
   

1. Oral traditions, folktales, epics, legends, and songs.

1. Spanish Colonial Period

1. – Religious writings and literary works influenced by Christianity.

1. Nationalistic Period –

1. ritings about freedom, independence, and social reforms.

1. Modern and Contemporary Period –

1. Novels, short stories, spoken poetry, and digital literature.

. Footnote to Youth

• Author: José Garcia Villa.

• Main character: Dodong.

• Focuses on early marriage and the responsibilities of family life.

• Shows the consequences of making important life decisions at a young age.

Remember: Dodong + Early Marriage