1. Parasitology - Worms (Nematodes)

What are worms?

multicellular organisms

How many type of worms are we learning about and what are they called?

3, Nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes

How many different types of nematodes are there and what are they?

6, pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, pork worm (trichinella), and loa loa

What are the two different types of transmission/infection?

eggs/worm and worm/worm

What is the natural reservoir for pinworms?

Humans (childern)

What is pinworms transmitted and pathogenic form?

egg/worm

How is pinworm transmitted?

fecal-oral

How do pinworms present?

Asymptomatic or itching (allergic responses and secondary bacterial infections)

How are pinworms treated? Prevented? Other?

Anti-parasitics, good luck preventing it (family infection)

What is the natural reservoir for round worms?

humans

What is pinworms transmitted and pathogenic form?

egg/worms

How is roundworm transmitted?

fecal-oral

How do roundworms present?

low dose: asymptomatic; systemic: bowel obstructions (worm burden). consumption can lead to liver damage

How are roundworms treated? Prevented? Other?

Anti-parasitics, sanitation and lack of exposure (mixed infections, treat worms first)

How many different type of hookworms are there?

2 (human and animal)

What are the two human hookworms?

necatos americanus (new world) and ancylostoma duodenale (old world)

How do animal hookworms enter humans?

through the skin and they get lost (dead end host)

What are hookworms natural reservoir?

humans, cats, and dogs

What is hookworms transmitted form for animals and humans?

egg (humans)/worm (animals)

How are hookworms transmitted?

fecal-oral (human) and fecal-penetration (animal)

How do hookworms present in the GI tract?

Anemia, secondary infections; severe cases: (malnutrition)

How do hookworms present on the skin?

rash at the site of entry and allergic reactions

How are hookworms treated? Prevented?

GI: removal and drugs; skin: pyshical removal - sanitation (p)

What is trichinellas natural reservoir?

swine - mammals

What is trichinella transmitted and pathogenic form?

larve/worms

How is trichinella transmitted?

eating contaminated pork

How does trichinella present?

dose dependent: asymptomatic (1), fever and diarrhea (2), hemmorrahing, neurological symptoms, and respiratory tract (3)

How is trichinella treated? Prevented?

Antiparasitics; dont eat uncooked pork

What is Loa Loa’s natural reservoir?

monkeys

What is loa loa’s transmitted and pathogenic form?

insect vector (larva)/worm

How is loa loa transmitted?

insect vector (monkeys —> vector —> humans)

How does loa loa present?

years of incubation leading to mirgation of worms in subcutaneous tissue (attracted to light, swelling)

How is loa loa treated? Prevented?

removal and anti-parasitics. dont get bit