Biology Exam 2 Review: Eukaryotic Life, Kingdom Classification, and Microbiology

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering endosymbiosis, taxonomy, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Animalia, prokaryotes, and environmental microbiology lab concepts from the Exam 2 Review Sheet.

Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

The evolutionary theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, through the engulfment of ancestral prokaryotes.

Primary Endosymbiosis

The process in which a eukaryotic cell engulfs a living prokaryote, resulting in an endosymbiotic organelle (such as the original acquisition of mitochondria or plastids).

Secondary Endosymbiosis

The evolutionary process wherein a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote that already contains a primary endosymbiont (such as a red or green alga).

Major Taxonomic Groups

The hierarchical biological classification categories: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Monophyly

A phylogenetic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Paraphyly

A taxonomic grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Hyphae

The branching, thread-like filaments that make up the structure of a fungus.

Mycelium

The collective mass or network of fungal hyphae.

Chitin

The tough, fibrous substance that constitutes the cell walls of fungi.

Fruiting Body

The reproductive structure of a fungus that produces spores, contrasting with the underground or vegetative mycelium.

Vegetative Mycelium

The portion of a fungal mycelium responsible for nutrient absorption and growth, rather than reproduction.

"Zygomycota"

A fungal group commonly referred to as bread molds.

Ascomycota

A major phylum of fungi that produces sexual spores within specialized sac-like structures called asci.

Basidiomycota

A phylum of fungi characterized by sexual spore production on club-shaped microscopic structures called basidia.

Lichen

A mutualistic association consisting of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (such as green algae or cyanobacteria).

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic relationship formed between a fungus and the roots of a plant.

Heterotrophic Protists

Protists that obtain nutrition by ingesting or absorbing organic carbon, exemplified by ciliates, slime molds, and amoebozoans.

Autotrophic Protists

Photosynthetic protists that produce their own organic nutrients, exemplified by diatoms, kelp, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and dinoflagellates.

Mixotrophic Protists

Protists that combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes, exemplified by euglenoids.

Extracellular Matrix

A supportive network of proteins surrounding animal cells, which functionalize in place of a rigid cell wall.

Cephalization

The evolutionary concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism.

Coelom

A fluid-filled internal body cavity lined with tissue, representing a major evolutionary innovation in animals.

Protostomes

A major developmental lineage of animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth during embryonic development.

Deuterostomes

A major developmental lineage of animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during embryonic development.

Phylum Porifera

The animal phylum consisting of sea sponges, characterized by lack of true tissues.

Phylum Cnidaria

The animal phylum that includes jellyfish, anemones, and coral.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

The animal phylum containing flatworms, such as tapeworms.

Phylum Annelida

The animal phylum consisting of segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches.

Phylum Nematoda

The animal phylum composed of various roundworms.

Class Bivalvia

A class within Phylum Mollusca that includes clams, scallops, and oysters.

Class Gastropoda

A class within Phylum Mollusca that includes snails and slugs.

Class Cephalopoda

A class within Phylum Mollusca that includes squid, octopi, and cuttlefish.

Class Arachnida

A class within Phylum Arthropoda that includes ticks, mites, and spiders.

Class Hexapoda

A class within Phylum Arthropoda comprising insects, such as beetles, flies, and bees.

Subphylum Crustacea

A subphylum of Phylum Arthropoda that includes crabs and lobsters.

Phylum Echinodermata

The deuterostome animal phylum that includes sea urchins, sea stars, and sea cucumbers.

Subphylum Vertebrata

A subphylum of Phylum Chordata that includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

Domain Archaea

A domain of prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and often inhabit extreme environments, such as halophiles and thermophiles.

Domain Bacteria

A domain of prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria that possess thick peptidoglycan cell walls and retain purple stain during Gram staining.

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria that have thinner peptidoglycan walls and do not retain purple stain during Gram staining.

Coccus

A spherical-shaped bacterial cell.

Bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterial cell.

Spirillus

A spiral-shaped bacterial cell.

Ubiquity of Microbes

The principle that microorganisms exist and can be found almost everywhere in the environment.

Colony

A visible mass of microorganisms growing on solid media, originating from a single cell or a small collection of identical cells.

Fomite

An inanimate object or surface capable of carrying and transferring infectious organisms.

Liquid Media (Broth)

A fluid nutrient medium used to culture and grow microorganisms in suspension.

Selective Media

A specialized culture medium designed to encourage the growth of specific organisms while inhibiting others.

Solid Media (Agar)

A growth medium containing agar used to culture microorganisms on a solid surface to observe discrete colonies.

Turbidity

The cloudiness or haziness of a liquid culture broth caused by the concentration of microbial cells.