Ch. 6: Intro to Med Term

Blood and the Lymphatic and Immue Systems

Function of blood

transport gases, nutrients, and wastes to all areas of the body either attached to RBC or dissolved in plasma; WBC fight infection and disease, and platelets initiate the blood-clotting process

Primary components of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

agglutin/o

clumping

bas/o

base

chrom/o

color

coagul/o

clotting

cyt/o

cell

eosin/o

rosy red

erythr/o

red

fibrin/o

fibers

fus/o

pouring

granul/o

granules

hem/o 1

blood 1

hemat/o 2

blood 2

leuk/o

white

lip/o

fat

lymph/o

lymph

morph/o

shape

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

neutr/o

neutral

phag/o

eat, swallow

phleb/o

vein

sanguin/o 3

blood 3

septic/o

infection

thromb/o

clot

-apheresis

removal, carry away

-crit

separation of

-cyte

cell

-cytic

pertaining to cells

-cytosis

more than the normal number of cells

-emia

blood condition

-globin

protein

-ion

action

-lytic

destruction

-oid

resembling

-oma

mass

-osis

abnormal condition

-otomy

cutting into

-penia

abnormal decrease, too few

-phil

attracted to

-philia

condition of being attracted to

-philic

pertaining to being attracted to

-plastic

pertaining to formation

-plastin 1

formation 1

-poiesis 2

formation 2

-rrhage

abnormal flow

-rrhagic

pertaining to abnormal flow

-stasis

standing still

a- 1

without 1

an- 2

without 2

anti-

against

auto-

self

contra- 2

against 2

dys-

abnormal

homo-

same

hyper-

excessive

hypo-

insufficient

mono-

one

pan-

all

poly-

many

trans-

across

basophilic

pertaining to [a leukocyte] that attracts a basic pH stain

eosinophilic

pertaining to [a leukocyte] that attracts a rosy red stain

monocytic

pertaining to a [white] cell with one large nucleus

neutrophilic

pertaining to [a leukocyte] that attracts a neutral pH stain

Formed elements

solid, cellular portion of blood; consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Hematopoiesis

process of forming blood

Function of plasma and erythroctyes

transporting substances

Function of leukocytes

protect body from invading microorganisms

Function of platelets

controlling bleeding

Types of plasma protein (3)

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogens

Function of albumin

transport fatty substances that can’t dissolve in the watery plasma

Function of gamma globulin

acts as antibody

Function of fibrinogen

blood-clotting protein

Plasma vs serum

Serum is plasma but with fibrinogen removed or inactivated, which allows it to be handled and tested without it clotting

enucleated

loss of cell’s nucleus (i.e., no longer have a nucleus)

Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)

iron-containing pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from lungs to tissue

Bilirubin

waste product produced from destruction of worn-out RBCs; disposed of by liver

Granulocytes

with granules in the cytoplasm; granular polymorphonuclear leukocytes; three types - neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

Agranulocytes

without granules in the cytoplasm; nongranular WBC; one of two types found in plasma that classified as either monocytes or lymphocytes

Function of basophils

release histamine and heparin to damages tissues

Function fo eosinophils

destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions

Function of neutrophils

engulf foreign and damaged cells (phagocytosis); most numerous of the leukocytes

Function of monocytes

engulf foreign and damaged cells (phagocytosis)

Function of lymphocytes

play several different roles in immune response

Thrombocyte

also called platelets; play critical part in blood-clotting process by agglutinating into small clusters and releasing thrombokinase; smallest of all the formed blood elements

Hemostasis

term for blood-clotting process; also stopping of blood flow using instruments, pressure, and/or medication

Agglutinate

clumping together to form small clusters; platelets do this to start clotting process when a blood vessel is cut or damaged

Thromboplastin

substance released by platelets; reacts with prothrombin (in the presence of calcium) to form thrombin

Prothrombin

protein element within blood that interacts with calcium salts to form thrombin

Thrombin

clotting enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Fibrin

whitish protein formed by action of thrombin and fibrinogen, which is basis for clotting of blood

Blood-clotting process

Platelets release thromboplastin → in presence of Ca, reacts with prothrombin → forms thrombin → thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin → becomes meshlike blood clot

Why is each person’s blood different?

due to presence of antigens or markers on the surface of erthyrocytes

ABO system

major system of blood typing

Two most important subgroups of blood markers

ABO system and Rh factor

Type A blood

one of ABO blood types; person with type A markers on RBCs; type A blood will make anti-B antibodies (i.e., attack type B blood), 190

Type B blood

one of ABO blood types; person with type B markers on RBCs; type A blood will make anti-A antibodies (i.e., attack type A blood)

Type AB blood

one of ABO blood types; person with both type A and type B markers on RBCs; since it has both markers, it won’t make antibodies against either A or B blood (i.e., won’t attack any other blood type)

Type O blood

one of ABO blood types; person with no markers on RBCs; type O blood won’t react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies (i.e., won’t be attacked by antibodies in type A, B or AB blood); therefore, is considered universal donor; will attack all other blood types (A, B, AB) since it contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies