CCJ4670 - Exam 3 (Chap. 8-9)

Exam 3 flashcards for Women in Crime

What is key to establishing whether a sexual event or act is sexual abuse?

Consent (the agreement to voluntary committing sexual acts)

What ethnic/racial groups are far more at risk of rape and sexual assault (more than any other)?

American Indians and Alaskan Natives

True or False: The CLS (criminal legal system) and society tend to minimize gender-based abuses of survivors who are people of color and/or poor.

True (relevant to chap. 8)

What is the most prevalent and often most threatening form of GBA (gender-based abuse)?

sexual assault

What are some examples of coercion sexual abuse?

(1) Most associated with using psychological methods (examples: threats, promises of rewards, and /or alcohol or drugs). A study defines coercion as the “insistence or verbal pressure to engage in sexual activities and/or promising rewards or necessities in exchange for sexual activities.”

What are some examples of forced sexual abuse?

(2) A physical method to obtain power and control over the victim (examples: holding down, hitting, or stabbing).

What are some examples of incapacitated sexual abuse?

When a victim is physically incapable of consenting to sex. An example of this type of sexual abuse is when a victim is visibly impaired due to an illicit substance.

In many states, the concept of “rape” is consistently limited to ____________________________.

penile-vaginal penetration

In a study conducted by Cook and Messman-Moore, what tactic did they find that survivors reported was by their abusers?

The perpetrator took advantage of the survivor’s (victim of GBA) voluntary intoxication.

A college study found ________ to be the most common “rape drug.”

alcohol

Most research on college assault has focused on what population?

Male fraternities

What channel was referred to as the “date rape channel?”

MTV

Most of the phenomenon commonly referred to as “marital rape” occurs between whom?

Husbands and Wives

NCVS’s data regarding women who were raped found a “gag effect.” The reasoning for this effect was _____________________________.

due to the presence of the spouse during the interview

An overview of research on child sexual abuse did not find _________ to be a risk factor.

class or race/ethnicity

What has been found regarding unacknowledged rape victims?

Unacknowledged rape victim incidents are more likely to have involved alcohol and/or drugs. Victims who report incidences that legally “qualify” as sexual assault do not think of their experience as such and consist of 73% of survivors.

What is sexual harassment?

A Title IX (nine) violation that is a legally interpreted offense that happens in the workplace or in the context of education.

Quid pro quo sexual harassment involves __________________________________.

trading educational, work substance (higher position, raise, etc.), or advancement for sexual favors. Examples include: being promised a job, grade, higher raise, or job promotion

Hostile environment sexual harassment involves ______________________________________.

behaviors, decorations, etc. that make a person’s work or educational environment intimidating or offensive

What is Sexual bribery?

When sex is solicited with a promise or a reward.

What is Sexual Coercion?

When the perpetrator threatens their victim with punishment for failing to comply with a sexual demand.

Contrapower sexual harassment is where ________________________.

the person harassing has seemingly less power than the person being harassed.

According to Till’s (1980) continuum of sexual harassment, what constitutes one of the last and most severe levels?

Sexual harassment, sexual assaults, gross sexual imposition, and indecent exposure.

According to Bostick and colleagues, ___________ are the least likely age group to report sexual abuse to police.

young-adults

A study of incarcerated women survivors of in-person sexual abuse found that the women were more likely to report their victimization to prison authorities if they experienced ________________________.

injuries

Compared to unmarried intimate partner couples, married intimate partners are more likely to report ________________________ when sexual violence occurs.

sexual penetration

Some courtroom decisions discriminate against victims who are unconventional, such as ___________________.

drugs and/or alcohol abusers

Prosecution moving the case forward and court convictions most likely occur when the sexual abuse victim ________________________.

promptly reports the crime to the police

EXTRA CREDIT (Chap. 9): What is Traditional Power Sexual Harassment?

When there is a power relationship (professor and student, boss and employee, etc.) and the more powerful person harasses the less powerful person.

Street Harassment is the ______________________________.

harassment that women face when they travel along city streets and appear in public places. This type of harassment is also referred to as “catcalls.”

Peer Sexual Harassment is when ______________________.

both parties involved are peers (examples include students, employees, professors, etc.).

Gender Harassment involves ______________________________.

sexist remarks that “put down” women, but not necessarily in a sexual manner.

What is Seductive Behavior?

Behaviors such as sexual advances or requests to discuss the victim’s personal or sexual life.

How does the fairytale titled Little Red Riding Hood teach and relate to fear and predatory men?

It teaches society to fear predatory men and rely on good men to save them from the predatory kind.

What was Susan Brownmiller’s Against our Will?

The first widely read feminist analysis of rape, where she exposed the anger which women felt while living in a culture where rape is ignored, and tolerated. and joked about (rape culture).