GH Test 2

Global Health Financing

Financing channeled through international cooperation agencies, public-private partnerships, development banks, that distribute funds to local governments or organizations to implement global health projects.

Funding Pathway

Donor, first level recipient, second level recipient

Donor

Usually a high income country or large foundations giving money to first level recipient

First level recipient

International cooperation agency, UN organization, global partnership serving as a channel

Channel

First level recipient passing during on to second level recipients

Second level recipient

Government agencies, NGOs, private sector contractors that implement GH projects

DAH

Development Assistance for Health, financial/resources provided by external donors to low-mid income countries to improve health outcomes

Strategy

Big picture plan for how to achieve major goal

Action plan

Describes steps that will be taken to achieve strategic goals and implement approved policies

Scheme

Operationalized plan that spells out the desired outcomes and completion timelines for an action plan

Project

Series of coordinated tasks that are completed within a limited time period in order to achieve a specific target

Program

Portfolio of related projects that together achieve part of an action plan

Deliverable

Product, service, or other result of a project that fulfills the terms of a contract or other agreement

Project management

Process of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and closing out projects

Relief

Aid that meets immediate needs of people who might otherwise not have access to basic urgent necessities due to major natural disaster, wars, or other humanitarian crises

Advocacy

Process of increasing awareness of a selected cause in order to influence policies related to issue

Foreign policy

strategies and approaches a country uses to engage with other nations and protect its own interests as they pertain to security, trade, and other critical functions

3 D’s of foreign policy

Diplomacy, defense, development

Diplomacy

Process of negotiating agreements between countries resolving disputes peacefully

Health diplomacy

Health projects used as part of meeting foreign policy goals

UN

World’s largest intergovernmental organization

FAO

Food and agriculture organization of UN, for improving nutrition and agricultural productivity

WHO

Specialized agency of the UN serving as primary health agency, one representative from every member state

IHR

International health regulations, obligating countries to notify WHO of outbreaks of concerning infectious diseases, but cannot be penalized if they don’t comply with that rule

Infectious disease epidemiology triad

Agent, host, environment

Agent

Pathogen, chemical, or physical cause of disease/injury

Host

Human susceptible to infection or other type of disease/injury

Environment

External factors that facilitate or inhibit health

Pathogen

Virus, bacteria, fungi, protist

Virus

Nucleic acid encased in protein shell (Capsid)

Bacterium

Single-celled organism lacking true nucleus

Fungus

Spore-producing organism

Natural history

Usual timeline from exposure to infection to recovery or death

Infection

Reproduction of an infectious agent inside human host

Infectivity

How often exposed people become infected

Disease

Symptoms of illness

Pathogenicity

How often infected people become symptomatic

Virulence

How often sick people are severely ill or die

Different infection transmission

Direct (person-to-person), air-borne, vector-borne, fecal-oral, vertical (mother-to-child)

Reservoir

Environmental home for an infectious agent

Vaccination

Intentional delivery of a substance into the body to stimulate development of immunity against a particular disease

Immunization

Process of a person’s immune system developing immunity against particular infection after receipt of a vaccine

Antibody

Protein produced by the human body in response to presence of antigens (prompted by vaccines to create antibodies against antigens in that vaccine)

Active immunity

Protection against infectious diseases that occurs when body’s immune system produces antibodies against a specific infectious agent

Passive immunity

Temporary protection against infectious diseases that is conferred by antibodies produced by another human or animal (can be conferred through blood products)

Live attenuated vaccine

Vaccine containing pathogen that has been intentionally weakened

Inactivated vaccine

Vaccine containing a killed bacterium or inactive virus that has been rendered harmless by heat, chemicals, or radiation

mRNA

Vaccine using genetic material that codes for a disease-specific antigen to prompt the body to produce the antigen

Adverse reaction

Negative side effect of a medication, vaccine, medical device, or medical exposure (ex: redness, swelling, pain, fevers due to injection)

Adverse event

Negative outcome that may be the result of a medication, vaccine, or other medical exposure, or could be coincidental occurrence that is not directly related to exposure

Precaution

Condition that might make a vaccine ineffective at producing immunity or might increase the likelihood of an adverse reaction in a particular individual

Contraindication

Condition such as a severe allergic reaction to a previous vaccine that makes it unsafe for an individual to receive a particular vaccine, medication, device, procedure, or other medical intervention

Herd immunity

When a high proportion of a population is immune to a specific infectious diseases

Vaccine hesitancy

Decision to delay receiving recommended vaccines or to refuse offered vaccines