Development - Module 4

Extraverts

________ tend to be socially oriented, outgoing, adventure- seeking, optimistic, and easygoing.

Dizygotic twins

________ occur when two eggs are each fertilized by separate sperm cells.

Cognitive flexibility

________ The ability to change how one is formulating a problem and to redirect ones attention accordingly.

Psychometrician

________ An individual who has expertise in test and measures and who understands the various measures of reliability and validity.

Stereotype threat

________ Refers to the risk of confirming negative expectations about one's own social group.

Active open mindedness

________ The thinking disposition in which one sensitizes oneself to look for and be more aware of bias in ones thinking and reasoning, and one cultivates habits of counteracting those biases.

Conditional positive regard

________ When love and acceptance of a person is contingent upon their actions and behaviors.

Recall memory

________ The ability to recount specific episodes or events from the past.

Symbolic thinking

____ The ability to use symbols (e.g., language) to stand for other things (e.g., complex feelings , ideas)

Blastocyst

________ During prenatal development, the hollowed- out ball of cells that implants into the uterine wall, ultimately to become the developing organism and its support system.

Animism

________ Preschooler beliefs that stuffed toys and other inanimate objects have feelings.

final substage of sensorimotor

Mental representation In Piaget's ________ development (from 18 to 24 months), infants remember and re- enact situations and events that happened previously without any ongoing perceptual supports.

Jung

________ proposed three of these archetypes were the persona (patterns of behavior used in social settings), the shadow (darker, more primitive side to personality), and the self, which is considered most important because it unites all aspects of one's personality.

Conscious mind

________ All mental activities that a person is aware of and able to freely access.

test retest

There are several types of reliability, including interrater reliability, ________ reliability.

Rationality

________ The ability to overcome self- deception in ones reasoning and problem- solving.

Self enhancement bias

________ The tendency to judge ones performance as better than the average without any evidence of special expertise or training.

Stanford-Binet

It is used in the ________ test for intelligence.

Unconditional positive regard

________ is based on the inherent goodness of people and the need for unwavering love and acceptance from others.

Inspection time

________ A method proposed by Nettelbeck and Lalley for measuring intelligence by measuring the processing speed of human beings.

Disequilibration

________ According to Piaget, states in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities.

Choice reaction time

________ A method proposed by Jensen for measuring intelligence by indirectly measuring nerve conductance speed by directly measuring processing speed.

Testosterone

________ A male sex hormone associated with dominance, aggression, and persistence.

Factor analysis

________ A statistical technique that can determine the number of separate constructs being assessed in a given measurement instrument.

Fluid intelligence

________ This is your ability to think and solve problems in complex and novel situations in a flexible manner without relying primarily on knowledge you already possess.

Mindfulness

________ Paying attention to how one is paying attention to and thereby interpreting situations.

Rogers

________ proposed that the role of a humanistic psychologist is to listen without scrutiny and to provide acceptance and kindness irrespective of a person's behaviors or feelings.

16PF

________ A trait- based personality measure that was developed from a list of personality traits; using factor analysis, a number of personality factors were found.

Eduction

________ The process of drawing out or extracting.

Concordance rate

________ The degree to which a characteristic, trait, or disease that occurs in one twin similarly occurs in the second twin.

Equilibration

________ According to Piaget, states in which cognitive structures agree with external realities.

Anxious-preoccupied

________ attachments In attachment theory, an attachment style of adults which maps onto the insecure- resistant attachment style of infants and is characterized by a constant need for intimacy, closeness, and reassurance in intimate relationships.

Novelty preference

________ The preference of infants in looking longer at new information in the environment, as compared to old information.

Psychodynamic perspective

________ The Freudian notion that personality is a function of internal processes and conflicts over which individuals have little or no conscious awareness or personal control.

Creative intelligence

________ This is Sternbergs phrase for the ability to solve problems in novel situations often by demonstrating cognitive flexibility (see cognitive flexibility .)

Attachment

________ The patterned behavior and emotional bond one forms with primary caregivers in infancy, which is associated with later behavior in adult romantic relationships.

Psychoticism

________ The tendency to be impulsive, cold, aggressive, unconcerned with the rights of others, and have antisocial characteristics.

Weschler

________ replaced comparing mental age and chronological age with comparing ones performance to the average score on a test for a large number of people.

Preconscious mind

________ A level of consciousness that is not in the forefront of one's thoughts; however, information can be retrieved and brought to conscious awareness.

MMPI

An objective personality measure that assesses both personality traits and the presence of mental illness.

Reliability

The consistency of a measure. There are several types of ______, including interrater _______, test-retest _________. ________ is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity.

Flynn effect

________ The finding by ________ that on average IQ scores were rising even on tests which are supposed to be immune to cultural influences.

Socioemotional selectivity theory

________ (SST) A theory on aging which specifies that one's perception of time impacts selection and pursuit of goals, with younger adults favoring information- related goals and older adults favoring emotion- related goals tied to well- being and relationships.

conception

During ________, one egg was fertilized by one sperm and then splits into two separate cells with identical DNA.

Unconscious mind

________ The largest and most influential part of the mind, according to Freud; houses any thoughts or impulses that are considered too threatening to be in one's conscious mind.

Adolescent egocentrism

________ Adolescents 'perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions.

Traits

________ Internally-based characteristics that make up one's personality.

Componential analysis

________ ______ Studying intelligence by determining how complex problems are solved by breaking the complex problems down into their simpler component problems.

Social security

________ ______ A concept of Karen Horney, where we need to be loved and connected to others.

tertiary circular reactions   In Piaget's fifth substage of sensorimotor development (from 12 to 18 months), infants learn about the world through their activities as "little scientists"

- they actively explore the world using different combinations of items to see how these changes affect their observed outcomes

OCEAN (openness; conscientiousness; extraversion/sociable; agreeableness; and neuroticism)

Five-Factor Model (Big 5): A measure that identified five distinct components of personality

Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Emotional stability, and Psychoticism/Impulse control

Three-Factor Theory: A theory of personality that consists of three trait dimensions

IQ

A standardized measure of one’s intelligence developed by Terman.  It is one’s mental age divided by one’s chronological age multiplied by 100, and creates a standardized measure of one’s intelligence so that comparison between individuals is clearer

mental age

indicates the average age of children who can solve the set of problems that a particular child is capable of solving.

mindset

A mental structure of representations, attitudes, and interpretations that affects how one evaluates information and thereby responds to situations.

multiple intelligences

Gardner’s theory that there are _____ _______ that apply to specific domains of human behavior. Gardner claims that this is reflected in those domains for which we can find prodigies.

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Maslow's Need Hierarchy: Series of five human needs and the fulfillment of those needs

accommadation

According to Piaget, the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information.

adolescent egocentrism

Adolescents' perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions.

Assimulation

According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures.

cephalocaudal principle of development

The principle indicating that development occurs from the head to the tail, or from the top down, during prenatal development.

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

dendrite

short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron (receivers)

Axon

long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron (speaker)

synapse

the junction between two neurons/dendrites

social clock

Cultural norms and societal expectations about the timing of key life events such as marriage, having children and retiring.

superego

One's moral compass of what is right and what is wrong; this is learned from parents, teachers, religious leaders, etc.

id

The area of the mind that is unconscious and is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses.

learned helplessness

After repeated attempts to avoid an unpleasant outcome fail, a person or animal may give up and stop trying even though future success would be possible.

ego

The component of personality that mediates between the id and superego and ultimately decides the course of action.

post-conventional morality

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of societal expectations or the judgment of others.

pre-conventional morality

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards.

conventional morality

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as "good" or "bad" by others.

proximodistal principle of development

During gestation, development proceeds from the internal organs outward towards the extremities.

pleasure principle

The driving force of the id, where the focus is on the fulfillment of all sexual urges and aggressive impulses.

reality principle

The world in which the ego operates where impulses from the unconscious and id are rejected in their natural form and are expressed in socially acceptable ways.