Cellular resperation

the energy content of food is measured in…

calories

the macronutrients are

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and they contain calories

calorie content of macronutrients

-carbs = 4 kcal/g

-proteins = 4kcal/g

-fats = 9kcal/g

-alchohol = 7 kcal/g

Obesity

having an unhealthy amount of body fat

adipose tissue is…

active and can produce many effects in the body

-can produce hormones that cause chronic inflammation in the body leading to chronic disease

long term obesity linked to many chronic health condition such as:

-heart disease

-diabetes Mellitus

-stoke

-joint problems

-alzheimer’s disease

-hypertension

-cancer

BMI:

Body mass index) a tool used to estimate body fat based on height and weight

-formula=weight/height

-1 kg=2.2 lbs; 1 in = 2.54cm

-BMI of 19-24=healthy

-BMI of 25-29

-BMI of >30 = obese

-may not reflect fat content in athletes

energy currency molecule

ATP universal currency of energy: all living organisms in Earth use ATP

ATP uses

-used for muscle contraction and cellular movements

-active transport of molecules and ions synthesis of macromolecules neuronal signaling

how fast ATP is used

within 1 minute of generation

90% of ATP is…

generated in oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

process cells use to convert the energy content (calories) of fuel molecules into ATP is called…

cellular resperation

four major biochemical processes are used by living things to make ATP

-glycolysis

-aerobic respiration

-fermentation

-anarobic respiration

glycolisis

a biochemical cascade breaking down glucose (a monosaccharide) into two molecules of pyruvate

what uses glycolysis

almost all organisms on earth

where glycolisis takes place

cytosol

-pyruvate is then brought into the mitochondrion to feed aerobic respiration

Glycolysis does not require…

oxygen but it does not produce much ATP (only ATP per glucose)

aerobic respiration

-primary method of ATP generation in eukaryotic organisms

aerobic resperation requires…

oxygen

byproducts of cellular resperation

water, carbon dioxide

aerobic means

in the presence of oxygen

how much ATP can aerobic respiration use at peak efficiency

32

where aerobic respiration takes place

mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotic cells

Stages of aerobic respiration

-pyruvate decarboxylation

-the citric acid cycle

-oxidative phosphorylation, including the electron transport chain

-both pyruvate decarboxylation and the citric acid cycle strip electrons from the remnants of fuel molecules

-the electrons are plced in coenzymes for transport (think taxi cabs for electrons) including NAD+ and FAD

-the electrons are transported to enzymes that use for power

-these enzymes produce ATP

-the electrons are disposed of by combining them with oxygen and hydrogen ions to make water

fermentation

process used by cells when oxygen is not available (it is an anaerobic process)

how fermentation takes place in humans

during anaerobic workout, when oxygen demand can’t be met quickly enough

-electrons build up from glycolysis (all the taxi cabs fill up)and need to be disposed of quickly to keep glycolysis running

-Electrons are unloaded on pyruvate forming lactic acid, which is recycled back into pyruvate and then glucose by the liver (Cori Cycle)

-lactic acid fermentation is also carried out by some species of bacteria

what can use lactic acid fermentaion

humans and some bacteria

fermented foods

yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchi

Alcoholic fermentation

is used by some species of bacteria as well as yeast (not in humans)

process is used to produce alcoholic beverages such as beet and wine, as well as to make bread dough rise