Arch 241 Midterm Review

Baroque

• Early 17th century-18th century

• Buildings built quickly

• Interior cladding, a lot of pilaster

Palais im Grossen Garten

• Cladding brick building with pilaster - built quickly

Palladio Palladianism (style) - (Italian Renaissance Movement)

• Italian architecture during Baroque period

• Used pilasters

• Vitrivius column order, columns on different levels (doric=1st floor, ionic=2nd floor, corinthian=3rd floor)

Mansard

type of roof that has curved edges

Point of gods and goddesses in architecture

personify virtue

Fasanenschloss

• Rennosance palace

• Greek gods - sign of education, shows building meaning

• muses that represent memory and storytelling

• stitched wallpaper

• ovens made of porcelain used for heating (need good soil to make)

Matthias Daniel Poppelmann

• Saxon Baroque architect

• Famous aside Wolf Kaspar von Klengel

• Built through Saxony and Poland

Der Zwinger

• built by Poppelmann

• near palace of Dresden (fortress)

• gets military through town quickly

• open on inside - hosted parades, circus, Turkish displays (they conquered Turks)

• Eagle statues - shows Roman standards

• Onion dome (Baroque)

• Caryatids - fawns, nymphs (showed it was a party place)

• Mass-produced and used wood + brick

• Mansard roof used as tax evasion - Hippodrome inspired

Baroque columns

• wire used to get pilaster to stick to wooden columns

• painted frescas to look like marble (showed wealth and power)

• 2 anchors holding column to wall

• plinths (base) is the only place where stone is used on columns

• steel or iron anchors used to hold piers and structures together

• 1800s=mass production of nails

Berlin Palace

• Andrew Schluter=architect (worked for both Prussia and Russia)

• the schluterhof (reconstructed)

• Corinthian columns on third floor (prestigious)

Great Northern War

• 1 mil+ deaths

• England forced to join Prussia

The Amber Room, Catherine Palace

• Designed by Schluter - originally located in Berlin Palace

• Gifted to Tsar Peter the Great by Prussian King

• Destroyed by Nazis

• Peter takes over army and modernized it - gets rid of Russian powers

  • He then won against Sweeden and gained a lot of land

The Winter Palace, St. Petersburg

• Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli=architect

• Inspired by cathedrals in Dresden

Difference between tower numbers

• Orthodox=triple tower

• Catholic=single tower (shows unity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)

Heidelburg City

• obliterated in 9 year war

• never had successor

• rebuilt city to have a quadratic grid (added town squares for markets)

The Alte Aula (Old Lecture Hall)

• Designed by Johann Adam Breunig

• Used wood and painted murals

• boxy windows with little detail

  • Calvinists didn’t like ornamentation

Heidelburg Castle

• distroyed in war, rebuilt, got struck by lightning and burned down

• Prince elector was Catholic and wanted something elaborate (so he built Manheim Palace)

Mannheim Palace

• Made of natural stone (Redstone) and has no pediments

• Replaced Heidelburg castle and was permanent residence of electors of Palatinates

• Biggest quadrant city of all time

Pediments

Triangle with statues in middle

City Hall of Speyer, Germany

• built by Breunig

• located in Palatinate

Speyer, Germany

• Baroque introduced fluid facades with walls between buildings

• used color to make people happier

• multi-room structure houses

  • top level=maids/butlers, smaller house=stall/stable, master/guards

Volutes

• Gestibute construction

• Catholic architecture style

Queluz Palace

• Rococo

• designed by Mateus Vicente de Oliveria (student of Ludwig and Robillon)

• Furniture=hand carved wood with linen/silk

• ceiling=vaults with domes made of wood

• pastel orange and green (staple colors of neoclassical and Rococo)

  • green interior with gold=rococo

• Dutch built lighthouses (bought by British) to keep enemies away

  • portrayed in tiles (azuela) at palace

Nymphenburg Palace

• Zuccalli and Effner=architects

• longest baroque palace

  • has canals and a large garden

• all electors lived here (more powerful than kings)

• large fountain with original gravity pump system

• Ministers in radially spaced houses around palace

  • walk out and see palace directly

• Ballroom

  • Colorful ceiling, checkered floor, many light openings, chandeliers, gold to reflect light

  • wood, pilaster, and brick (quick build)

• Kitchen

  • Azuela (hand painted tile)

  • blue and white showing family’s colors

• Similar to Winter Palace exterior (built at same time)

  • no pediments, plain compared to Winter Palace

  • Long roof helped with insulation and getting snow off roof

Who taught who?

• Baroque began after 30 year war, where did architects meet and train?

  • Paris

• International language during 17th/18th century

  • French

• Where did most Baroque architects come from?

  • Italy - have a lot of experience (most from Venice and Munich)

  • Art school in Venice - many went there to train

  • Roman ruins are in Italy

Asamkirche, Munich

• Rococo church

  • dedicated to tomb of parents of the brother architects

• Pilaster and marble

• Obsessed with illusions

  • must understand optics (Newton)

  • Cross appears lifted when walking toward it

Ludswigburg Palace

• 450+ Rooms

• Designed to go straight to Stuttgart (positioned north of Stuttgart, Germany)

• Mansard roofs

• Dukes are reformed, not Christian

  • Calvanist=reformed

• No pediments (Calvanism)

• Fruit and nut trees planted around to combat famine

English Baroque

• begins after great fire of London

• more limited in scope than on the continent

• Main Cathedral of London

  • use the church as a national symbol

  • England had split nations (7 in total)

St. Paul’s Cathedral

• English Baroque period

• Rebuilt St. Paul’s Cathedral (Sir Christopher Wren)

  • less Catholic and more reformed (Calvinists - Anglican)

  • Corinthian columns on both levels, unique pediment, no onion dome

Georgian Style

• named after King George of England (refers to architecture after his election)

St. Martin in the Fields, London

• Baptist church w/ spire on top

• reformed church (King George’s religion)

Shift in architecture seen when universities were built

• Senate House, Cambridge University

• Radcliffe Camera, Oxford University (shown in image)

  • Baroque, Neoclassical, Greco-Roman

The Circus

• Built by James Wood the Elder

• Bad=Roman Bath

• Vitruvian order on exterior columns

• Rounded building - modeled after hippodrome (where they raced charriots)

  • referenced people that died there

Neoclassicism

• no color, proper ashlar build (structurally sound)

• reffered to as classicism

• rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greece architecture

• 2nd half of 18th century

• Key elements=

  • Versatile

  • 1st industrialization of architectural elements

  • more sober than Baroque

Palladianism

• began by Andreas Palladio

• 16th century movement featuring classical elements

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

• found everything out about Greco-Roman design

• Founder of Modern Archaeology

Age of Enlightenment

• network of architects, philosophers, salesmen, and writers

• separation of church and state, freedom, and scientific reasoning

• period that influenced the founding of the US

• 18th century - slave trade and spices to the US

Years - 7 Years war, American Revolution, French Revolution

• 7 years war (French-Indian war) - 1756-1763

• American Revolution - 1775-1783

• French Revolution - 1789-1799

Royal Salt Works at Arc-et-Senans

• designed by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux

• Salt factory

• Pillars are different - told people it’s not a church

• first factory of its kind - allowed salt to dry properly (ventilation)

Etienne-Louis Boullee

• wanted to make architecture expressive

Pantheon, Paris

• designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet

• intended as church for St. Genevieve

  • renamed “Temple of Humanity” - no longer a church

• after renovation, became mausoleum for illustrious men

  • modeled after new St. Peters and the Panthenon in Rome

The Brandenburg Gate

• Design by Prussian architect Carl Gotthard Langhans

• Fortuna on top - dedicated to 7 years war that they won

• Berlin wall used to be right in front of this gate

Schloss Dyhernfurth

• Also designed by Langhans

• Neoclassical (very sober)

• Identical alimentation of windows

  • showed mass production and standardization

French Revolution

• 2 parts - monarchy and obliteration of monarchy

• destruction of palaces and Catholic churches

• 40,000+ deaths (reign of terror)

• followed by 7 coalition wars (Napoleonic Wars)

• Ended Ancient Regime

Battle of Waterloo

Napolean defeated in 1815

Napolean’s empire

• expanded into Russia

  • dismantled every state along the way

• Dissolved Holy Roman Empire in 1806

• Napolean created 1st engineering school

Winter in Russia - Napolean’s war

• Very cold

• many soldiers died because of armor made of tin

  • tin dissolved in cold temps

• lost war and had to return home

Arc de Triomphe de I’Etoile

• Jean Chalgrin=architect

• Triumphant arch - came from Romans

  • Coming home from an army’s victory

• Napolean was Hitler’s role model

• Greco-Roman, French Neoclassicism (small baroque details)

Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg

• Andrei Nikiforowitsch Woronichin

• Symbol of 1812 victory

• Modeled after St. Peters Basicilla

  • not friends with Catholic

• Ionic columns (more sober)

• Inside had gold Corinthian columns

  • inspired by St. Paul beyond the Wall

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

• Prussian architect

• Studied work of Winkleman

• Established a free schooling and education system

• not enslaved to greco roman style

  • A purely functional building lacks human dignity

Altes Museum, Berlin

• Schinkel=architect

• ionic columns (sober)

• rectangular box structure

• 1st to draw architectural renderings and include people

Neue Wache, Berlin

• Schinkel=architect

• imperial city (built Berlin in 19th century)

• Built during Napolean war period

  • After war they made Neue Wache to show that areas had to find who they were

    • Doric Columns (masculine) and greco roman/egyptian influence

    • Made of brick and stone veneer

British Museum, London

• Sir Robert Smirke=architect

• ionic columns (Athena=goddess of wisdom)

• greco roman with baroque wings

Composers are friends with architects/artists/composers

• Hegel (philosopher)

  • taught Marx and Engels

• Abstractionist - Kant

• Architecture is a representation of the time its from

  • as architecture develops, art develops

Old St. Petersburg Stock Exchange

• Thomas de Thomon=architect

• built trade system

• completely surrounded with columns (cella)

• money is at top priority at the time (1811)

Palace of Ajuda

• Neoclassical and Baroque

  • baroque usually has statues on top

  • neoclassical is pretty basic and has many square forms on the wall

• brick with stone veneer

• has a rotunda (inspired the US)

industrialization

2nd half of the 18th century

Sayner Hutte

• is an ironworks

• famous for giesshalle (casting hall) which made a lot of guns

• fell to prussians in 1815

• has original iron arching

The casting hall

• 1st industry hall with weihjt carrying cast iron construction

• sold to Krupp in 1860s

  • cella wrought=shaped iron

  • cast iron=mold

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

• father was a french civil engineer

• attended Lycee Henri IV in Paris (fancy school)

• Credited for 1st suspension bridge and steamboat

Clifton Suspension Bridge

• Brunel=architect

• 214 meters

• cast iron and steel, clad with brick

Paddington Station

• Brunel=architect

• trains come in 1830s to transport goods

  • built in 1854

• Neoclassical design (sober arches)

Crystal Palace, London

• Joseph Paxton=architect

  • Brunel over sought construction

• built of glass, cast iron, and wrought iron

• Victoria and Albert lived here

  • interested in reformed

  • Albert knows philosophers

• originally designed to be an exhibition hall

  • can make tropical inside

• Beginning of modernisim (flanking tower)

Table and cloth design - Crystal Palace

• cast iron trusses draped with glass

• internal framework painted

• steel louvers

  • mechanically operated air openings

• glass sheets were 4ftx10ft

  • significant at time because glass was hard to make

  • 4 pieces of parchment/sheep - need a lot of parchment to make glass

• Thin piers, barrel vault

  • ribs into piers (after Cathedrial)

• Neogothic

British and the Navy

• British had a lot of power in 1800s

• controlled the sea (Navy)

• owned coastline

St. Pancras Train Shed, London

• William Henry Barlow=architect

• constructed on former slum grounds

• wrought iron pillars supporting single span roof

  • Foundation piers made of brick and cast iron steel (had to make deep - load goes out due to pointed arch)

• west side was nicer - better wind flow

  • London was very polluted - made Schriebergarten (land by railroad people bought and made gardens on)

  • Sewer systems made to combat cholera

• Largest single span in the world

  • Set for demolition in 1960s but saved 11 hours before

Turbine Building of the Menier Factory

• cast iron steel frame, brick and iron on a steel box, resting on masonry piers

• 3 levels=3 stages of chocolate production

• hot chocolate, cappuccino, croissant, and bagel are popular after war

  • pharmacist made building because of popularity

• hydraulic powered building

  • works down due to gravity

Arts movements in Europe, mid 1800s

• Europe’s writers, composers, musicians, and architects are all connected

• Modern countries were product of this time

The Semperoper

• designed by Semper

• right next to Zwinger (looks like inverted Zwinger)

• Neoclassical and baroque

  • temple with pediment on top, copper roof

  • new style emerging

• 1st opera house that has set that can move up and down

• extends art to everyone (public theater, not just nobles)

baroque vs neoclassical

baroque=curved lines

neoclassical-straight lines

Changes in Philosophy

• Marx and Engel wanted rebellion

  • Marc influenced by French author Balzac

• Marx studied Hegelian Philosophy

  • emphasizes symbolism and abstractions

• led to 1848 revolutions

1848 Revolutions

• Louis P is overthrown and replaced by Louis Napolean as president of new republic

• In Germany, citizenry and peasantry revolted against nobility

Napolean III (Napolean’s Nephew)

• led failed coup in 1836, regrouped and succeeded in 1848

• elected president, then led another coup in 1851 as French emperor

• opposed literary network

Reconstruction of Paris

• overhaul of city design - most significant remodel of city

• Hausmann design

• made new opera districts and wide boulevards, connecting squares w/ government building views

• Napolean III kicked a lot of people out while building

2nd Empire style

• Napolean III style

• old part of Paris

• half timber with pilaster, stone veneer, slate roofs (popular in baroque)

• new gates

• everything has chimneys

• continued until 1890s until Beaux-arts takeover

Opera Garnier

• designed by Charles Garnier

• Standard 2nd Empire style

• Napoleon III is eccentric

  • designed crazy buildings - wanted everything

  • marble columns with gold, well lit

• modern for the time

• artists and architects work together

• Paris conquered by Germany (took a long time to build)

St. Augustin, Paris

• designed by Baltard

  • student of beaux arts

• 80 meter tall dome

• steel frame construction

  • British like big spaces and pushing architectural limits

  • French take new materials and old designs

• medieval, neoclassical, and baroque

• steel beams hold dome

  • holds windows in place

Royal Palace of Brussels

• rebuilt and remodeled many times

• Brussels, Belgium

  • came into existence as buffer state between France

  • owed to uncle for his wife and wanted to show allegiance, that’s why its neoclassical

Beaux-Arts

• 1848 revolutions and Napolean III’s reign (late 1850s)

• all architects of 2nd empire were students of Beaux-Arts

Leipzig Neues Theater

• designed by Langhans

Propylaen, Munich

• designed by Leo von Klenze

• stone ashlars with invisible mortar seams (no brick or steel)

Central Europe

• 1848 revolutions failed east of France

• new wave of architecture - similar to Beaux-Arts

Founders Time (Gunderzeit) 1848-1873

• people move around which creates new arch styles

  • look at why people move, where they move, why arch develops in a certain way

• major events make people move (war, famine, etc.)

• Semporer and Richard opposed revolution

• Prussia design

  • sober and neoclassical

  • shift in arch style=shift in allegiance

Rubber

• people need it to help them build higher

• whale oil used for fuel

• push on historical architectural development

new cities

• major cities expand, mostly without demolishing their historic centers

• wide boulevards, more sober railings, straight facade

The Mietskaserne (rental barracks)

• multi-level rental apartments in middle of cities

• half timber covered in plastic

• designed for workers and families in industrialization

• cholera spread

• 4 designs

  • back courtyards (feels communal), remise=open stall, hof=inner court, provides fireplace and bathroom, improves health and cross drafting

Gorlitzer Train Station, Berlin

• opened during Astro-Prussian was as portal to the east

• Neorennisance style

• main transportation but bombed WW2

Frankfurts Old Opera

• bombed and rebuilt

• neoclassical

• built greco roman to show stories being told

Gunderzeit (historicism)

• Germany, Austria Hungary, and Russia encouraged nationalism and revival of arch (before Napolean)

• neogothic

• Egyptian things being found - influences art deco

RIngsta Bezeit

• ring street time

• overhaul of Vienna’s city center and striking of 7 walls

• empty space

  • first city with street trains

Burgtheater, Vienna

• Designed by Hasenauer

• Copy design to join allegiance with Germany

• Round walls on outside

• similar to Paris Opera house (gold)

The New Castle

• neo-baroque design by Semper and Hasenauer

• never finished

• big castle=a lot of industries, need a lot of people to be representing

• triumphant gates

City Hall of Vienna

• neo gothic

• designed by Schmidt

• heros from antiquity sculptures (war heros)

  • showed patriotic pride

• Rennosance Plinths, marble shaft, corinthian column

  • no proper gothic rules yet

New City Hall of Munich, Germany

• designed by George von Hausnerrisser

• Neo gothic

• 2 building phases

  • babaschnit=building phase

Rise of Nationalism in Europe

• after 1848 revolutions, states/kingdoms wanted different identities from each other

  • away from pan-European styles

What is Historicism?

• Return to older styles while using new techniques

• embellish/overuse certain elements

• no firm idea of styles

Pena Castle

• commissioned by Ferdinand II and designed by Ludwig von Eschwege

• built atop a former covent

• oculus windows

• neo romanesque/neogothic

Wilhem Ludwig von Eschwege

• was artiliery officer, geologist, etc.

Crenelation

decor that sticks up from the wall, protects people during battle

corbels

holds things up on wall