Science 10 long quiz #1

Superb Set

Novopangaea

Main idea: The Pacific Ocean closes.

• The Americas move westward toward Asia.

• The Atlantic Ocean continues to widen.

• Continents gather mainly around the Pacific's former location.

Aurica

Main idea: Both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans close.

• New ocean basins form in other regions.

• Continents move together into a different arrangement.

• It requires major changes to the ocean-floor spreading and subduction patterns.

Pangaea Proxima

Main idea: The Atlantic Ocean closes.

• The Americas move back toward Europe and Africa.

• The continents form a large landmass surrounding an inland sea or ocean.

• It is also known as Pangaea Ultima in some versions.

Amasia

Main idea: The continents gather near the North Pole.

• The Americas and Asia move toward each other.

• The Arctic Ocean may close.

• Much of the new supercontinent would be concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere.

Mid-Ocean Ridge

A mountain range under the ocean formed when two oceanic plates move apart. Magma rises, cools, and creates new oceanic crust.

Seafloor Spreading

The process in which magma rises through a gap between oceanic plates, cools, and forms new seafloor. This causes the ocean floor to expand.

Continental Rift

A region where a continent stretches and begins to split apart as two tectonic plates move away from each other. It can eventually form a new ocean.

Subduction

The process in which one tectonic plate sinks beneath another and moves into the mantle. It can cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and ocean trenches.

Oceanic–Continental

An oceanic plate moves toward a continental plate. Because the oceanic plate is usually denser, it sinks beneath the continental plate, potentially forming volcanoes and mountains.

Continental–Continental

Two continental plates collide. Neither easily sinks beneath the other, so the crust crumples and rises, forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

Fault

A crack or fracture in Earth's crust where rocks have moved relative to each other. Movement along a fault can produce earthquakes.

Fracture

A break or crack in rock caused by stress. A fracture may have little or no movement; if the rocks move along it, it is a fault.

Divergent Boundary

A divergent boundary is where two tectonic plates move away from each other.

• Mid-Ocean Ridge

• Seafloor Spreading

• Continental Rift

Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys

Convergent Boundary

A convergent boundary is where two tectonic plates move toward each other.

• Subduction

• Oceanic–Continental

• Continental–Continental

Himalayas

Transform Boundary

A transform boundary is where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.

• Fault

• Fracture

San Andreas Fault

Himalayas

The Himalayas are a huge mountain range in Asia formed when the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. This is an example of a continental–continental convergent boundary.

Rift Valley

A rift valley is a long, low area of land formed when Earth's crust stretches and pulls apart. It is associated with a divergent boundary.

Lithosphere

The lithosphere is Earth's rigid outer layer, made up of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is divided into tectonic plates.

Asthenosphere

The asthenosphere is a hot, weak layer of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere. Its rocks can slowly flow over long periods, allowing tectonic plates to move above it.

San Andreas Fault

The San Andreas Fault is a major fault in California, USA, where the Pacific Plate and North American Plate slide past each other.

It is an example of a transform boundary and is known for producing earthquakes.