Israel Exam 1880-1948

What is Hibbat Zionism?

When was it created?

Why was it created

1. A zionist movement that emerged in Europe; 2.5 million Jews left Eastern Europe and 60,000 to Palestine

2. 1881 was when the attacks began

3. Tzar Alexander was assassinated and his son blamed Jews and government-sponsored pogroms committed violent attacks on Jews

What was the first zionist movement called?

Hibbat Zionism

What year was the Dreyfus Affair?

1894

What is the significance of the Dreyfus Affair?

It led Hungarian Theodore Herzl to publish his book Der Judenstaat and organized the First Zionist Congress

What year was the First Zionist Congress meeting?

1897

Progression of rule in Israel

1. Ottoman Empire Era (1517–1917)

2. British Administration Mandate (1917–1948)

3. Israeli Rule: UN Partition and the 1948 War (Nakba)

What is cultural zionism and why is it significant?

When was it relevant?

• Cultural zionism - Rejection of assimilation and revival of Jewish Culture

  • Significance - It emerged in reaction to anti-semitism and was a key part of why Jews did not assimilate into Europe; Religion, culture, and ethnicity became intertwined

What is the significance of nationalism and when was it relevant?

Its emergence in Europe led to many countries exiling Jews during the 19th century

Why changed from 1881 to 1882 in Palestine

New Yishuv Jews began settling in Palestine after the zionist movement began

Define Old Yishuv

Pre-zionist community of Jews living in Palestine

List the characteristics of Old Yishuv

• Descended from Sephardi Jews (descended from jews expelled from Spain)

• Were integrated into Ottoman culture and were loyal to Ottomans

• Ashkenazi Jews (from Europe) would mainly only go to Palestine for religious reasons

When was the First Wave of Jewish Settlers?

What is New Yishuv?

post-zionist Jewish settlers

What were the characteristics of New Yishuv during the First Wave?

• These settlers often bought land from wealthy landowners and in turn arabs lost the land they lived on (Arabs typically worked on land owned by landowners)

• This was approved by the Ottoman government

• Jews did often hire Arabs

When was the First Wave of Jewish Settlement?

1882-1904

When was the Second Wave of Jewish Settlers?

1904-1914

Why was the Second Wave of Jewish Settlers different from the first?

Still part of the New Yishuv but came because of Jewish connection to the land

• They arrived for economic reasons (like Theodore Herzl’s ideas)

• Wanted the economy to rely solely on Jews, so less Arabs were hired and many removed

How did Palestinians react to the Second Wave of New Yishuv?

Palestinian opposition begins with appeals to Ottoman government and news publications warn of threat; Attacks begin on Jewish settlers

Significance of World War 1 in the context of Palestine

Ottoman Empire joined the central powers and collapsed in 1917 which led the British Government to take control of Palestine

What allowed the British to take control of the territory?

Sykes-Picot Agreement?

What was the Balfour Declaration?

Document which issued that British government favors the establishment of a Jewish State

Why did British take control of Palestine?

They did this out of strategic imperialism and were on the verge of conquering Palestine; They also did not want the Russians to leave the war and would get support from Russian Jews

What and when were the Jaffa riots?

Violent clashes between Palestinians and Jews after 1917 until 1922

What did the Jaffa riots lead to?

First White Paper

When and who established the First White Paper?

1922; Winston Churchill

What did the First White Paper establish?

British (Churchill) White Paper reaffirms Balfour Declaration and limits Jewish immigration to economic absorptive capacity of country

What were the 1920s like after the First White Paper?

relatively peaceful time

What ended the peaceful era and when?

Riots at Western (Wailing) Wall and massacre of Jews in Jerusalem, Safed, and Hebron

What was the 1929 Hebron Massacre?

a two-day slaughter of the Jewish community in Hebron that left 67 Jews dead

What were the implications of 1929 for both Palestinians and Israelis?

o   British trained Zionist groups like Hagenah, however they used brutal methods to suppress Arab revolts

o   The revolts ultimately weakened Arabs and strengthened Jews because they had to become more self-reliant

o   Clashes within Palestinian society led to the killing of Palestinians who supported the partition plan

When did the Nazis rise to power?

1933

What did the Second White Paper do and when was it established?

1939 White Paper called for establishment of an independent Palestine state within 10 years; ·        Limited the development of Zionism, restricted Jewish immigration and land purchase; British withdraw from Zionist project over concerns

Did the White Papers or the Balfour Declaration support Jews and zionism?

Balfour Declaration

Who was Husseini?

He was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and led the Arab movement using Islamic rhetoric

What was significant about 1936-1939?

An era of Palestinian resistance that began as an economic strike and developed into a violent uprising after their requests were denied by the British

What happened in reaction to 1936-39 events?

Peel Commission Partition Proposal

What was the Peel Commission Partition Proposal

It was the first partition proposal that replaced the British Mandate giving most of the land to Arabs and Jerusalem under British control; Jewish land followed the pattern of Jewish settlement

How did both Israelis and Palestinians react to the Nazis?

Some people from both sought out support from Nazis in WWI out of resentment for British

What occured in 1944 with Arab Nations?

1944 Conference of Arab Nations

What happened as a result of the 1944 Conference of Arab Nations

Arab nations determined that rights of Palestinians cannot be undermined but they regret wat happened to Jew during WWII

What was the impact of WW2?

millions of displaced Jews which causes a humanitarian crisis; Most are sent to the UN’s humanitarian camps which were intended to be temporary

How did British react to JDP?

Although many Jews wanted to go to Palestine, the British maintained White Paper Restrictions

What were the positions on Jewish DPs of the US and Britain during the Cold War

US sympathized with humanitarian condition of DPs and wanted 100,000 Jews let into Palestine
Britain denied these requests

What happened after the British maintained the White Paper Restrictions on Jewish immigration and where?

The Hebrew Resistance Movement erupted (1945-1946) in what was known as British British Mandatory Palestine

What was the Hebrew Resistance Movement?

It was a resistance movement to White Paper restrictions.

91 people were killed in a terrorist attack against British headquarters

What was the main implication of the Hebrew Resistance Movement?

Jewish DPs became the center of the zionist movement and British gave up

Where were DPs being sent at the time?

Greece and Italy

What happened in 1947?

British gave up Palestine to the UN