Social Psych Exam 2

types of self

actual, ideal, ought, dread

actual self

the person we believe ourselves to be

ideal self

the person we wish we could/can be

ought self

the person we feel we should be

dread self

the person we fear becoming

promotion focus

focus on positive outcomes and moving toward becoming out ideal self

prevention focus

focus on negative outcomes and try to avoid not living up to our ought self

determinants of self-concept

introspection, roles we play, social identities we form, comparisons we make with others, how other people judge us, surrounding culture

introspection

process of reflecting on our own conscious thoughts, feelings, mental states and motivations

social context

the active sense of self shifts depending on who you are interacting with. (interaction with a teacher vs a close friend)

working self concept

“right now self” what part of your identity is currently used based on where you are and who are you with (your identity in that moment)

distinctiveness

natural highlight and focus on aspect of yourself that make you stand out or feel unique in a certain environment (being colored at a PWI)

what determines the development of the social self

attributions of success and failure and other people’s judgments

attributions of success and failure

how you explain your wins and losses forms your self-concept and confidence (success is b/c of skill vs luck)

looking glass self

seeing ourselves the way we other others percieve us

Self presentation

tool used for impression management, attempt to control/shape the image you present to external and internal audience

external vs internal audience

external= other people

internal= yourself

self handicapping

creating obstacles or excuses for yourself before a task so if you fail, you can blame the obstacle rather than yourself

self monitoring

observing and regulating your own behavior in social situations based on social cues/ expectations

scales and research

physiological tools and studies used to measure and analyze how strongly individuals monitor their social behavior.

self monitoring

extent to which we observe, regulate, and adapt our behavior in social situations to fit social expectations

high self-monitors

flexible and good at assessing social demands and change their behavior accordingly, making their actions inconsistent across different situations

low self-monitors

look inward to their own values and beliefs to guide their actions, behavior remains consistent across different situations regardless of social cues

why do people engage in self presenation

to obtain social/ material resources and to construct and reinforce a desired self-image

when do people engage in self presenation

when people are self conscious in a public setting, or when they are high self-monitoring

broad goals of slef presentation

appear likeable, appear competent, convey status and power

goal of ingratiation

to appear likeable

method of ingratiation

using compliments, expressing agreement, using supportive nonverbal cues, highlighting similarities

risk of ingratiation

getting caught or viewed as a suck up/brown noser

goal of intimidation

to appear powerful/dangerous

method of intimidation

threats, displays of power, nonverbal dominance, aggressive behavior to induce fear/compliance

risk of indimiation

being viewed as a bully/dangerous threat rather than gaining respect

goal of supplication

to appear helpless or needy

method of supplication

advertising weakness or dependence to get help, sympathy or nurturance from others

risk of supplication

being perceives as incompetent, lazy, or an unwanted burden

goal of self-promotion

to appear competent

method of self-promotion

claiming competence, staging performances, showing off trophies/credentials or using self handicapping (blaming obstacle rather than yourself)

risk of self promotion

perceived as arrogant, full of oneself, or bragger

gaol of exemplification

to appear worthy, moral or deidcated

method of exemplification

projecting an image of high integrity, self sacrifice to serve as a moral standard for others

risk of exemplification

being perceived as hypocrite, self-righteous, and overly judgemental

spotlight effect

tendency to overestimate how much other people notice or evaluate their appearance, behavior, and mistakes (thinking that people are always watching us

Gilovich et al. study

asked students to put on an embarrassing shirt and walk into room with other people, people overestimated how many people would notice their shirt

direct socialization

instruction and feedback from parents, peers, and society on how boys and girls should behave

toy preference and play styles

gender typed toys and social play patterns to reinforce traditional gender behaviors contributes to distinct social identites and self concepts between genders

self efficacy

how competent you feel to accomplish a specific task high self-efficacy leads you to set more challenging goals and persist through setbacks lo

locus of control

the degree to which you believe you have power over the outcomes of your life inte

internal locus of control

believing outcomes are controlled by your own efforts, skills and actions ex

external locus of control

believing outcomes are determined by outside focuses like luck, fate or chance

maximizers vs satisficers

maximizers: exhaustively evaluate every option to make the absolute best choice satisficers: choose the first option that meets their basic standards

irreversibility

people tend to be happier with their decisions when the choice is finals and cannot be undone, since it prevents second guessing

self enhancements

the drive to view yourself positively and protect self-esteem by focusing on strengths and favorable feedback

self-verification

the desire to have stable, accurate beliefs about oneself, even negative ones, because consistency provides a send of predictability and coherence

self serving attributions

pattern of explaining outcomes where you attribute positive outcomes/successes to internal factors (your effort) and negative outcomes/failure to external factors (bad luck, unfair test)

LaPiere

showed that attitudes do not always predict behavior, went to China when there was a lot of hate against US but people were still polite when face to face showing that behavior can be different from their stated attitudes

attitude

tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor, internal evaluation

affect of attitude

how you feel about an attitude object (whatever is being evaluated)

behavior of attitude

what you do or how you act toward the object

cognition of attitude

what you think or believe about the attitude object

embeddedness

how deeply a the attitude is connected with a perons’s values and identity

commitment

how far a person is bound to a specific position

3 ways attitudes can be structured as

A single overall factor, 2 broader factors (enviornmental preservation and utilization) 12 specific dimensions

preservation

protecting nature for its essential value, i.e enjoying it for spending time in natural environments, support conservation policies, activism, personal conservation behavior, ecocentric concern, support for population growth policies (managing and controlling it)

utilization factor

attitudes centered around using around using natural resources for advancement and economic growth → supporting conservation only because it is needed for human survival, supporting altering nature

ways attitudes are formed

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, direct socialization, heredity

Fishbein and Ajzen model of attitude formation and decision making

1. start with single belief → exercise is good for health

2. belief is evaluated → judge is the outcome is + or -

3. add other beliefs and evaluations → give energy

4. form attitude → combine beliefs to create attitude

5. form set of intentions → based on the attitude make plans → plan to work out x amount of times

6. look at single behavior → intention can lead to a certain action

7. look at set of behaviors → over time intentions show a larger pattern (change in lifestyle to be healthy

principle of correspondence

rule stating that attitudes only predict behavior when both are measured at matching levels of specificity

4 components of the principles of correspondence

1. an attitude should be consistent with a set of beliefs, not any single belief (having one bad thought about something does not mean you hate it)

2. an attitude should be consistent with a set of intentions not just one single intention (plan to get good grades then you have to put in the effort)

3. people generally do what they intend to do

4. attitude should be consistent with a set of behaviors one just one

Jones and Sigall

created the Bogus pipeline, to get people to report their true attitudes when self-reporting on sensitive topics

Bogus Pipeline

had a fake set up, where participants are hooked to a high tech looking machine, telling them that it can detect the smallest changes when they lie4

4 methods for measuring attitude

Bogardus Social distance scale, error-choice method, semantic differential, likert-type scale

bogardus social distance scale

measures how willing a person is to accept various social groups into different levels of closeness/intimacy

error choice method

indirect self report technique that makes attitude questions as a multiple choice “factual-knowledge” test

semantic differential

rating scale where they evaluate an attitude object along a continuum between 2 opposite adjectives

likert type scale

the most common survey scale where they indicate their level of agreement/disagreement with a series of statements

zimbardo stanford prison experiment

randomly assigned people as guards and prisoners and found that acting out a role shapes real attitudes and beliefs

Balance Theory

focus on maintaining a cognitive balance between 3 elements (you, another person, and attitude object). If there is a imbalance tensions force a shift in attitude to restore balance

cognitive dissonance theory

inconsistency causes arousal (when behavior contradicts your attitude, it creates an uncomfortable mental friction= dissonance) drive to reduce arousal (b/s discomfort feels bad, we have a drive to align the 2), attitudes change to reduce arousal (cannot change the past, so you change the attitude to match what you just did)

Bem’s Self Perception theory

we infer our attitudes from our behavior (when existing attitude is weak, we look at our own actions to figure out how we feel, tied with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

intrinsic motivation

doing an activity for the sake of personal satisfaction

extrinsic motivation

doing an activity to earn an external reward, obtain approval or avoid punishment

explicit attitudes

attitudes that are deliberate and easy to self report (i hate x food)

implicit attitudes

involuntary, uncontrollable and unconscious evaluations/associations that exist below conscious awareness

IAT - implicit association test

measures the speed and accuracy with which you paid different concepts

persuasion

change in attitude or beliefs due to a message

cognitive response models

focus on internal thoughts, evaluations, and reactions that go on in their mind while listening to a persuasive message

what does persuasion actually depend on

how the listener interprets and responds to the message internally

heuristic systematic model HSM

people process persuasive messages using either systemic processing and heuristic processing

systemic processing

part of Heuristic systemic model, deep, careful and analytical thinking, pay close attention to the strength and quality of the arguments

heuristic processing

part of Heuristic systematic model, fast, automatic mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb

elaboration likelihood model ELM

dual process framework that divides persuasion into central route and peripheral route

central route

part of ELM high mental effort, listeners examine the argument, logic and evidence = long lasting attitude changes that are resistant to counter persuasion

peripheral route

Part of ELM low mental effort, focus on superficial cues/surface characteristics = temporary attitude change

factros affecting persuasion

source factors (who), message factor (what) recipient factors (to whom), channel factors (what medium was it presented through)

attitude inoculation

technique used to make people immune to persuasive attempts by strengthening personal commitment (if someone is attacking their belief they double down), mildly challenge beliefs (use weak counter argument to get a person to question their own belief)

what does resisting persuasion lead to

counterarguments → when they already have an idea of what the normal response is, they have something pre-prepared

conformity

concept of social influence → change in behavior/belief b/c of real or imagine group pressure

compliance

concept of social influence → publicly acting in accord with an explicit/implicit request while disagreeing privately

obedience

concept of social influence → acting in accord with a direct order/command, normally from an authority figure (going along with demand from an authority)