E&E 151 S Introductory Geology: Chapter 17 (Earth's Interior) Visualization Study

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Last updated 8:19 PM on 10/11/26

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28 Terms

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Seismic Reflection

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The process where energy waves bounce off a subsurface boundary separating rock layers of differing densities and return to the surface, allowing geologists to calculate boundary depths based on travel time.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The process where energy waves bounce off a subsurface boundary separating rock layers of differing densities and return to the surface, allowing geologists to calculate boundary depths based on travel time.</p>

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Seismic Refraction

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The bending of energy waves as they cross a boundary between rock layers with differing wave velocities, densities, or mechanical strengths.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The bending of energy waves as they cross a boundary between rock layers with differing wave velocities, densities, or mechanical strengths.</p>

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Refracted Wave Arrival Geometry

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: An arrival pattern where recording stations near an epicenter receive direct waves first, while distant stations receive waves passing through a deeper, higher-velocity layer first.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: An arrival pattern where recording stations near an epicenter receive direct waves first, while distant stations receive waves passing through a deeper, higher-velocity layer first.</p>

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Curved Seismic Paths

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Arched wave trajectories resulting from continuously increasing pressure with depth, which steadily elevates wave speeds through uniform rock.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Arched wave trajectories resulting from continuously increasing pressure with depth, which steadily elevates wave speeds through uniform rock.</p>

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P-Wave Shadow Zone

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A ring-shaped surface belt from 103° to 142° from an epicenter where direct primary waves are absent because they bend sharply downward upon entering the liquid outer core.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A ring-shaped surface belt from 103° to 142° from an epicenter where direct primary waves are absent because they bend sharply downward upon entering the liquid outer core.</p>

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S-Wave Shadow Zone

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A broad region extending from 103° to 180° opposite an epicenter where secondary shear waves cannot pass, demonstrating that the outer core is liquid.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A broad region extending from 103° to 180° opposite an epicenter where secondary shear waves cannot pass, demonstrating that the outer core is liquid.</p>

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S-Wave Velocity at the Core-Mantle Boundary

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A complete drop in secondary wave speed to zero kilometers per second at ~2,900 km depth due to the inability of shear energy to travel through liquid metal.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: A complete drop in secondary wave speed to zero kilometers per second at ~2,900 km depth due to the inability of shear energy to travel through liquid metal.</p>

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P-Wave Velocity at the Core-Mantle Boundary

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: A sharp reduction in primary wave speed from ~13 km/s down to ~8 km/s at ~2,900 km depth, followed by an increase at ~5,150 km depth upon encountering the solid inner core.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: A sharp reduction in primary wave speed from ~13 km/s down to ~8 km/s at ~2,900 km depth, followed by an increase at ~5,150 km depth upon encountering the solid inner core.</p>

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Density Jump at the Core-Mantle Boundary

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: An abrupt rise in mass per unit volume from ~5.5 g/cm³ at the base of the lower mantle to 10-12 g/cm³ at the top of the outer core.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: An abrupt rise in mass per unit volume from ~5.5 g/cm³ at the base of the lower mantle to 10-12 g/cm³ at the top of the outer core.</p>

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Blue Regions in Seismic Tomography

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Features on 3D subsurface maps representing faster-than-average wave speeds, corresponding to cooler, denser, or more rigid subducted material.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: Features on 3D subsurface maps representing faster-than-average wave speeds, corresponding to cooler, denser, or more rigid subducted material.</p>

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Red Regions in Seismic Tomography

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Features on 3D subsurface maps representing slower-than-average wave speeds, corresponding to warmer, softer, or less rigid upwelling material.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: Features on 3D subsurface maps representing slower-than-average wave speeds, corresponding to warmer, softer, or less rigid upwelling material.</p>

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Isostatic Equilibrium

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The mechanical balance of lithospheric blocks floating on the ductile asthenosphere, where taller features require deep roots extending into the mantle.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: The mechanical balance of lithospheric blocks floating on the ductile asthenosphere, where taller features require deep roots extending into the mantle.</p>

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Erosion

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The removal of mass from mountain peaks, which lightens the downward load on the crust, causing the lithosphere to rise vertically as mantle material flows inward underneath.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: The removal of mass from mountain peaks, which lightens the downward load on the crust, causing the lithosphere to rise vertically as mantle material flows inward underneath.</p>

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Deposition

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The accumulation of sediment in low-lying basins, which adds weight to the crust, forcing the lithosphere to sink downward and displacing mantle material outward.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: The accumulation of sediment in low-lying basins, which adds weight to the crust, forcing the lithosphere to sink downward and displacing mantle material outward.</p>

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Glacial Rebound

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The gradual upward vertical movement of the lithosphere following the melting of massive ice sheets, returning the crust toward its original buoyant balance as ductile mantle material flows back underneath.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image? </p><p>Definition: The gradual upward vertical movement of the lithosphere following the melting of massive ice sheets, returning the crust toward its original buoyant balance as ductile mantle material flows back underneath.</p>

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Geodynamo

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Driven by convection and electric currents in the liquid outer core.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Driven by convection and electric currents in the liquid outer core.</p>

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Curie Point

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: 580°C for magnetite. Cooling below this locks in magnetic alignment (paleomagnetism/remanent magnetism).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: 580°C for magnetite. Cooling below this locks in magnetic alignment (paleomagnetism/remanent magnetism).</p>

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Magnetic Reversals

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Polarity flips average once every 500,000 years and take ~10,000 years to complete.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Polarity flips average once every 500,000 years and take ~10,000 years to complete.</p>

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Positive Magnetic Anomaly

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Caused by magnetite ore bodies, intrusive gabbro dikes in granite, or basement arches/anticlines.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Caused by magnetite ore bodies, intrusive gabbro dikes in granite, or basement arches/anticlines.</p>

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Negative Magnetic Anomaly

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Caused by a downdropped fault block (graben) filled with non-magnetic sediment overlying magnetic basalt.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Caused by a downdropped fault block (graben) filled with non-magnetic sediment overlying magnetic basalt.</p>

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Geothermal Gradient

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Increases by 25°C per km near the surface (~75°F/mile), but tapers off rapidly in the mantle (~1°C/km).

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Increases by 25°C per km near the surface (~75°F/mile), but tapers off rapidly in the mantle (~1°C/km).</p>

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Core-Mantle Boundary Temperature

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: ~3,700°C ± 600°C

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: ~3,700°C ± 600°C</p>

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Center of Earth Temperature

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: ~6,400°C ± 600°C

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: ~6,400°C ± 600°C</p>

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Heat Flow Equivalence

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Average heat flow from continents equals average heat flow from ocean basins. Continental heat originates from radioactive decay (U, Th, K) in the crust; oceanic heat originates from hot mantle convection below.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Average heat flow from continents equals average heat flow from ocean basins. Continental heat originates from radioactive decay (U, Th, K) in the crust; oceanic heat originates from hot mantle convection below.</p>

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Newton’s Law

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Force decreases with the square of distance.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Force decreases with the square of distance.</p>

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Positive Gravity Anomaly

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Regional gravity higher than normal; caused by dense metallic ore bodies or crust held up out of isostatic equilibrium by tectonic forces.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Regional gravity higher than normal; caused by dense metallic ore bodies or crust held up out of isostatic equilibrium by tectonic forces.</p>

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Negative Gravity Anomaly

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: Regional gravity lower than normal; caused by thick low-density sediments, deep mountain roots, or crust held down / undergoing glacial rebound.

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: Regional gravity lower than normal; caused by thick low-density sediments, deep mountain roots, or crust held down / undergoing glacial rebound.</p>

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Geoid

What term/concept is being visualized in this image?

Definition: The hypothetical equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field at mean sea level

<p>What term/concept is being visualized in this image?</p><p>Definition: The hypothetical equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field at mean sea level</p>