Securing the Republic and the Market Revolution Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the key concepts, legal cases, events, and individuals from Jefferson's presidency, the War of 1812, and the Market Revolution.

Judicial Review

The power established by Chief Justice John Marshall and the Supreme Court to evaluate and determine whether an act of Congress or a state law violates the United States Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The landmark Supreme Court decision that struck down a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowing courts to order executive officials to deliver commissions, formally establishing the Court's authority of judicial review.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

A Supreme Court case extending judicial review to state laws by declaring that the Constitution forbade the Georgia legislature from impairing or rescinding a previously granted land contract.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The United States' acquisition of the vast Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte for $15 million, which doubled the nation's size and removed the French presence from North America.

Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney's Treaty)

The 1795 agreement between the United States and Spain acknowledging the right of western American farmers to access and trade through the port of New Orleans.

Corps of Discovery

The fifty-member expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that set out from St. Louis in 1804 to study western plants, animals, geography, and Indian trade routes to the Pacific Ocean.

Sacajawea

A fifteen-year-old Shoshone Indian woman and wife of a French fur trader who served as an indispensable guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Barbary Wars

The young republic's first foreign armed conflict, fought between 1801 and 1804 against North African states like Tripoli to protect American merchant shipping against piracy without paying tribute.

Impressment

The British practice of seizing sailors off American ships, claiming they were British subjects and deserters, which affected more than 6,000 sailors by the end of 1807.

Embargo Act (1807)

A sweeping measure enacted under Thomas Jefferson that banned all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports, devastating domestic port economies while exports plunged by 80 percent in 1808.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

A statute enacted in March 1809 replacing the Embargo Act by banning trade only with Britain and France, promising to resume trade with whichever nation first rescinded its restrictions on American shipping.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Legislation that restored trade with both Britain and France, specifying that if either ceased violating American neutral rights, the president would reimpose an embargo against the non-complying nation.

War Hawks

A new generation of nationalist Western and Southern congressmen, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who advocated for war with Great Britain, the defense of national honor, and the conquest of Canada and Florida.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville and organized pan-Indian military resistance across the Mississippi Valley to oppose the sale of native lands to the federal government.

Tenskwatawa

A Shawnee religious leader known as the Prophet who preached total separation from whites, the rejection of American trade goods and alcohol, and the revival of traditional Native ways at Prophetstown.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

An armed engagement in which American forces led by William Henry Harrison destroyed the Indian settlement of Prophetstown while Tecumseh was away recruiting allies.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

A battle in Alabama in which Andrew Jackson's forces defeated hostile Creek warriors known as Red Sticks, killing more than 800 and forcing the cession of over 23 million acres of Indian territory.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

The War of 1812's greatest American victory, engineered by Andrew Jackson in January 1815 against a British invasion, fought shortly before news of the Treaty of Ghent reached the United States.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The agreement signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812, restoring the previous status quo without territorial adjustments or concessions on impressment.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of New England Federalists that voiced regional grievances regarding Virginia dominance and affirmed the right of a state to interpose its authority against federal constitutional overreach.

Market Revolution

The dramatic economic transformation during the first half of the nineteenth century fueled by innovations in transportation and communication that integrated the nation into commercial markets.

National Road

A paved highway authorized by Congress in 1806 connecting Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia, by 1818, and extending westward into Illinois by 1838.

Erie Canal

A 363-mile state-funded canal completed across upstate New York in 1825 that connected the Great Lakes to New York City and made New York the nation's premier port.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

A diplomatic treaty negotiated by John Quincy Adams in which Spain agreed to cede East and West Florida to the United States following an armed incursion by Andrew Jackson.

Slave Coffles

Chained groups of enslaved men, women, and children forced to march long distances from Upper South states into the expanding Cotton Kingdom of the Deep South.

Cotton Kingdom

The Deep South region—comprising Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas—whose economy was dedicated exclusively to the large-scale production of cotton using enslaved labor.

Outwork System

An early industrial production model where rural men and women earned supplemental wages at home by taking in yarn spun in regional factories to weave into finished cloth.

American System of Manufactures

A system of industrial production that relied on the mass fabrication of interchangeable, standardized parts that could be rapidly assembled into complete finished products.

Lowell Mill Girls

Young, unmarried women from Yankee rural families who were recruited to work in textile factories in Massachusetts, living in company-managed boarding houses under strict moral supervision.

Great Famine (1845–1851)

A potato crop blight in Ireland that caused roughly 1 million deaths from starvation and drove over 1 million refugees to emigrate, mostly entering northeastern American cities as low-wage laborers.

Nativists

Americans who displayed intense hostility toward foreign-born immigrants, alleging that newcomers caused urban crime, political corruption, and wage suppression while threatening republican freedom.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

A Supreme Court decision defining corporate charters issued by state legislatures as binding contracts that could not be modified or rescinded by future lawmakers.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A landmark Supreme Court decision invalidating a New York state monopoly over steamboat navigation, asserting congressional authority over interstate commerce.

Manifest Destiny

A concept coined in 1845 by New York journalist John L. O'Sullivan asserting that the United States had a divinely sanctioned mission to occupy all of North America.

Transcendentalists

A circle of New England intellectuals, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, who prioritized individual conscience, self-reliance, and self-realization over established social traditions.

Second Great Awakening

A series of popular religious revivals that democratized American Christianity by promoting universal salvation through human free will and personal moral choice.

Cult of Domesticity

A nineteenth-century gender ideology holding that a woman's proper domain was the private home, where she was expected to uphold nonmarket virtues like love, submission, and moral purity.

Workingmen's Parties

The world's first labor-oriented political organizations, created by skilled urban artisans in the late 1820s to advocate for a ten-hour workday, free public schooling, and an end to imprisonment for debt.