module 7 gch

enteric infection

is an infection of the intestinal tract

gastroenteritis

is the infection-induced inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach (gastro-) and/or intestines (entero-) that causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and fever

diarrhea

is characterized by loose or liquid feces and an increased frequency of defecation

dehydration

the excessive loss of water from the body

rotavirus

is the most frequent cause of severe diarrhea cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children

norovirus

is the most frequent cause of severe diarrhea among adults and also causes a large proportion of diarrhea cases among children

cholera

is an infection with vibrio cholerae bacteria that causes severe water diarrhea

food intoxication

illness caused when ingested bacteria produce toxins in the body, is also caused by some other types of bacteria, including bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens and staphyloccocus aureus

carrier

is a person with a persistent contagious infection who does not have symptoms of the disease but can pass the infectious agent on to others

dysentery

is bloody diarrhea, with the blood often mixed with mucus, and it can be caused by several different types of bacteria and parasites

giardiasis

a protozoal disease that can cause persistent diarrhea. usually lasts for 2 to 6 weeks, but some individuals experience watery diarrhea and greasy stools for several months or longer

fecal-oral transmission

the acquisition of an infectious agent by eating or drinking products contaminated with fecal matter from animals or humans

fomite

is an inanimate object or surface that has been contaminated with infectious agents, such as a doorknob, handrail, light switch, faucet handle, kitchen sponge, stethoscope, or other item that has become coated in pathogenic microbes

oral rehydration therapy

drinking enough water to prevent or treat the dehydration caused by diarrhea

oral rehydration salts

also called oral rehydration solution, are a mixture of sugar, salt, and other chemicals that restores the balance of electrolytes in the blood when they are mixed with clean drinking water and consumed to replace lost fluids

continued feeding

is the process of encouraging individuals with diarrhea to eat the same foods they typically consume if they are not vomiting too much to keep the food down

acute condition

is one that has a rapid onset and typically resolves within a few days or weeks

acute respiratory infection

is an infection of the respiratory tract characterized by rapid onset of symptoms and a relatively short duration of illness, for example, rhinovirus can induce symptoms within a few hours of infection, but take two weeks or longer to resolve

chronic condition

develops slowly and may worsen over months or years. Tuberculosis is a chronic infection of the lungs that may last for months or years, but it is not an ARI because it is not an acute infection

upper respiratory infection

is an acute infection of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or trachea. Most upper respiratory infections cause a few days of mild or moderate symptoms but some can cause long term damage

strep throat

is a Group A streptococcus infection of the pharynx that if left untreated can lead to complications such as rheumatic fever, a condition that may permanently damage the valves of the heart

lower respiratory infection

is an acute infection of the bronchi, bronchioles, or lungs

pneumonia

is an infection-induced inflammation that causes the air sacs of the lungs to fill with fluid. When the alveoli are fulled with fluid, they cannot efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

hypoxia

an inadequate supply of oxygen in body tissues

pneumococcus

is a synonym for S. pneumoniae infection, and pneumococcal disease refers to symptomatic diseases caused by pneumococcus

hib

is a bacterial infection with Haemophilus Influenzae type b (influenza is a viral infection, and hib is a bacterial infection that causes symptoms similar to those caused by influenza). Like pneumococcus hib can cause noninvasive diseases like ear infections or can become invasive and cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other life-threatening diseases; unlike pneumococcus hib primarily affects young children

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

is a frequent cause of severe pneumonia among neonates and other young infants

direct transmission

occurs when an infected person transfers a pathogen to a susceptible person by touching that person or breathing directly onto that person’s face

indirect transmission

occurs when an infected person transfers a pathogen to a surface or other item that is subsequently touched by a susceptible host

airborne transmission

occurs when a susceptible individual breathes in pathogens that have become aerosolized and are suspended as small droplet nuclei in the air

influenza

is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by an orthomyxovirus. influenza viruses cause fevers and respiratory disease and can exacerbate existing medical conditions, especially lung and heart diseases, and lead to potentially fatal secondary infection with bacterial pneumonia

antigen

is a substance that originates outside the body and triggers an ummune response once inside the body

anthroponosis

is an infectious disease that usually occurs only in humans

zoonosis

is an infectious disease that usually occurs in animals and occasionally infects humans

antigenic drift

is a minor genetic mutation of an influenza virus that causes a small change in the virus’s surface antigens

antigenic shift

is a major change in the genome of an influenza virus that occurs when the genetic material from two very different types of influenza. A viruses recombine to form a new strain

highly pathogenic avian influenza

a strain of influenza that causes serious disease and high case fatality rates among infected birds

influenza-like illness

is used to describe the status of people with an acute illness who have fever and a cough but have not tested positive for influenza or another pathogen that causes similar symptoms

isolation

is the physical separation of people who have a contagious infection from people who are susceptible to the infection

personal protective equipment (PPE)

which includes gowns, gloves, face masks, eye protection, and other barriers that prevent infection

quarantine

is the restriction of freedom of movement of healthy contacts of people with an infectious disease as a part of a strategy to contain the spread of a contagious disease

contact tracing

is the process of identifying the primary contacts of infected individuals (and sometimes also the contacts of those primary contacts, who are called secondary contacts) so that they can be tested, monitored, and possibly quarantined

SARS

is an abbreviation for the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-1 virus. The first cases of SARS were identified in guangdong, in southern china, in november 2002

enzootic

is an adverse health condition that is always present in an animal population (just like an endemic condition in human populations)

COVID-19

is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The disease was first identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, China.

vaccination

is the intentional delivery of a substance into the body in order to stimulate development of immunity against a particular disease

immunization

is the process of a person’s immune system developing immunity against a particular infection after receipt of a vaccine

antibody

is a protein produced by the human body in response to the presence of antigens. Antibodies can bind to antigens and destroy them

active immunity

is protection against infectious diseases that occurs when the body’s immune system produces antibodies against a specific infectious agent . This long lasting protection against an infectious disease can be conferred by both immunization and vaccination

passive immunity

is temporary protection against infectious diseases that is conferred by antibodies produced by another human or an animal. Newborns and infants have some protection from maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally.

live attenuated vaccine

is a vaccine that contains a pathogen that has been intentionally weakened. A single dose of a live attenuated vaccine may be sufficient to confer lifelong immunity

inactivated vaccine

is a vaccine that contains a killed bacterium or an inactive virus that has been rendered harmless by heat, chemicals, or radiation. Inactivated vaccines are safer and more stable than live attenuated vaccines

adverse reaction

is a negative side effect of a medication, vaccination, medical device, or other medical exposure. The most typical adverse reactions to vaccines are redness at the injection site, some local pain or swelling, and mild fevers or general achiness

adverse event

is a negative outcome that may be the result of a medication, vaccination, medical device, or other medical exposure or may be a coincidental occurrence that is not directly related to the exposure

precaution

is a condition that might make a vaccine ineffective at producing immunity or might make a vaccine ineffective at producing immunity or might increase the likelihood of an adverse reaction in particular individual

contraindication

is a condition that makes it unsafe for an individual to receive a particular vaccine, medication, device, procedure, or other medical intervention. For example, a severe allergic reaction like anaphylaxis after a first does of a vaccine is a contraindication for a second dose of that particular vaccine

herd immunity

or community immunity, says that when a high proportion of a population is immune to a specific infectious disease, the entire community is protected including those who are unable to receive vaccines

vaccine hesitancy

the decision to delay receiving recommended vaccines or to refuse offered vaccines

the expanded program on immunization (EPI)

was established by the WHO in 1974 to ensure universal child access to critical vaccines. EPI initially focused on expanding access to vaccines for six preventable infectious diseases: diptheria, measles, pertussis, polio, tetanus, and tuberculosis

measles

is a very contagious viral infection that infects immune system cells and causes several months of immunosupression. The initial symptoms of measles are a fever, cough, a runny nose, and watery eyes

mumps

is a viral infection that causes the parotid salivary glands in the cheeks to swell. Mumps can also cause serious complications, including encephalitis, meningitis, deafness, and, in adolescent and adult males, testicular inflammation that may cause infertility

rubella

also called german measles, is a viral infection that can cause miscarriage and birth defects when contracted early in pregnancy. Most individuals who contract rubella experience only a mild rash, but babies born with congenital rubella syndrome often have cataracts, congenital heart disease, deafness and other health problems

diptheria

is a membranous inflammation of the airway caused by a toxin produced by corynebacterium. The toxin can also produce heart arrhythmias, kidney failure, and neuropathy

pertussis

also known as whooping cough, is a bacterial infection that causes violent fits of coughing punctuated with a “whoop” sound when inhaling

apnea

describes long pauses in breathing, especially during sleep

hepatitis

is inflammation of the liver. Several types of viral hepatitis caused by pathogens from different viral families are global public health concerns

hepatitis A

is a vaccine-preventable picornavirus infection that is spread through contaminated food and water and can cause acute liver inflammation. Chronic hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection does not occur. Young children who contract HAV typically have no symptoms

jaundice

is a yellowing of the skin and sclera due to the buildup of bilirubin levels in the blood. Older children and adults who contract HAV usually experience jaundice, nausea, and fatigue for several weeks, and a small proportion of people with HAV infections develop life-threatening fulminant hepatitis that causes acute liver failure

hepatitis B

is a vaccine-preventable hepadnavirus infection that is spread through blood and other body fluids and can cause chronic liver disease

parenteral infection

is an infection that enters the body through a route other than the digestive tract. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through parental contact with blood or other body fluids as a result of a needle stick, an open wound, or another tear in the skin or mucous membranes; through sexual activity; and through perinatal transmission in which the virus is passed from the mother to the neonate during delivery

hepatitis C

is a chronic flavivirus infection that is now transmitted primarily through injecting drug use. Hepatitis C virus from mother to child during birth

hepatitis E

is a waterborne hepevirus infection that can cause acute liver failure and death in pregnant women. There are four known genotypes of hepatitis E. Genotypes 1 and 2 cause occasional outbreaks in some lower-income countries. Genotypes 3 and 4 mostly affect swine, and humans are accidental hosts.

meningitis

is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis causes a severe headache and stiff neck along with confusion, nausea, and sensitivity to light

encephalitis

is an acute inflammation of the brain. The symptoms of encephalitis are similar to those of meningitis and include headaches, confusion, drowsiness, hallucinations, and seizures

meningococcus

is a synonym for infection with the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, and meningicoccal disease occurs worldwide, but rates of disease have been especially high in the “meningitis belt” an area that extends across the northern countries of sub-saharan africa from senegal in the west to ethiopia in the east