[State & General Law] Section 1: Meaning & Basic concepts of Law

Definition of law

Rules by State + Sanctions

Sovereign

The highest ruling power or government

Enforceable through sanctions

Can be forced by legal penalties if broken

Administration of justice

How courts solve disputes and protect rights

Command (legal theory)

An order from government that must be obeyed

Legal binding force

The power that makes a rule mandatory

Morality / Ethics

Right/wrong based on conscience, NO legal punishment

Uniformity (Law & Morality)

When law and morality match each other

Contradiction (Law & Morality)

When law and morality fight against each other

Impartiality

Being fair, no bias or favoritism (Lady Justice's blindfold)

Scales of Justice

Weighing evidence to find fairness

Gavel

Judge's small wooden hammer in court

Criminal Law

Laws about crimes against the State (punished by jail/fines)

Civil Law

Laws about private disputes between people/parties

Public Law

Rules between individuals and the government

Private Law

Rules between private individuals or companies

Substantive Law

Rules about your actual rights, duties, and daily conduct

Procedural Law

Rules about court steps, legal procedures, and enforcement

Statutory Law / Statute

Written laws made by parliament

Case Law / Judicial Precedent

Law made by past court decisions

National Law / Domestic Law

Laws inside one specific country

International Law

Rules between different countries

Public Prosecutor

The government lawyer who charges criminals

Plaintiff / Claimant

The person who starts a lawsuit in court

Defendant

The person accused of a crime or being sued

Damages (Civil Remedy)

Money paid to fix a loss or injury

Injunction

A court order to stop or do something

Specific Performance

A court order forcing someone to finish their contract

Rectification

Fixing a mistake in a legal document

CPV Disciplines

Internal rules for Communist Party of Vietnam members

Public Sector vs. Private Sector

Government agencies vs. Private companies

Political-Social Organizations

Mass groups like Youth Union or Women's Union

Assertion

A strong statement or claim

Evidence

Facts, documents, or proofs used in court

Precedent

An earlier court case used as an example

Sanction

Punishment or penalty for breaking the law

Liberty

The freedom to act, speak, or think without legal limits

Wrongdoings

Illegal actions or offenses committed against the law

Corporal punishment

Physical punishment (like whipping or hitting)

Commercial property

Land or buildings used for business purposes

Investor

A person or entity that puts money into a business to make profit

Monetary

Relating to money or currency

Compensation

Money paid to make up for a loss or injury

Order compelling performance

A court order forcing someone to complete an obligation

Remedy

A legal solution or compensation provided by a court to fix a wrong or injury

condemn

To express complete disapproval of something, typically in public

refrain from

To stop oneself from doing something

enactment

The process of making a law official

assert

To state a fact or belief with confidence

imperative

Extremely urgent, necessary, or mandatory

subordinate

Lower in rank or position under an authority

breach

An act of breaking a law, rule, or contract

distinguished

Successful, authoritative, and well-known

contest

To dispute, challenge, or argue against something in court

municipal

Relating to a city, town, or local government/internal law

revoke

To officially cancel, withdraw, or reverse a law or agreement

fair hearing

A proceeding conducted fairly with equal opportunity for both sides

constitute

To be a part of, form, or make up a whole

approved by

Officially accepted or sanctioned by an authority

set standards of conduct with

Establishing rules for how people should behave

guaranteed

Promised, protected, or assured by law

imposed

Forced upon someone as an authority or rule

conscience

An inner feeling of right and wrong

mechanism

A system or process by which something operates

role fulfilled

The function or purpose successfully performed

upheld human slavery

Supported, maintained, or defended the practice of slavery

racial segregation

The systemic separation of people based on race

absolute

Total, complete, and without restriction

evolve

To develop gradually over time

oppressive statutes

Harsh, cruel, and unjust written laws

internal

Existing or happening inside an organization or country

unjust law

A legal rule that is unfair, immoral, or discriminatory

validity

The state of being legally or officially valid and binding

alignment

A state of agreement or matching between rules/concepts

territory

An area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state

jurisdiction

The official power to make legal decisions and judgments