Systemic Histology - Quiz 1 Materials

What is the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, and organs?

Histology

What is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism?

Cell

What is a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function?

Tissue

What is an anatomically distinct structure of the body, composed of two or more tissue types?

Organ

What is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the physiological needs of the body?

System

What is the highest level of organization in anatomy/physiology that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life?

Organism

Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different .....

functions

Cells of the human body are ....

eukaryotic

The cytoplasm contains specialized subunits called ....... which work like "little organs"

organelles

The organelles mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are all ...... organelles

membranous

The organelles ribosomes, nucleolus, and centrioles are all ...... organelles

non-memranous

What is the brain of the cell?

nucleus

The nucleus houses information about each structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of what?

DNA

The DNA in the nucleus is condensed and coiled up into ....

chromosomes

Cells are enveloped by a semipermeable ...-layered membrane.

two

Which type of cells have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, are more complex, and include plants, animals, and fungi?

eukaryotic

Which type of cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, are simpler/smaller in size, and include bacteria and archaea?

prokaryotic

The eukaryotic cells have a diameter between 10 and..... um

100

The prokaryotic cells have a diameter between ... and 10 um

1

What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

The location of epithelial tissue includes external surfaces (skin), lining of hollow organs (intestines), and .....

glands

Epithelial tissue is composed of ...... packed epithelial cells with little extracellular matrix

densely

Epithelial tissue is classified by what two things?

cellular morphology and the number of cell layers

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on morphology?

squamous, cuboid, columnar

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue based on the number of layers?

simple and stratified

What type of tissue connects, separates, and supports the body's organs?

connective

Connective tissue consists of .... cells and an abundance of extracellular matrix

few

In connective tissue, the ECM contains different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) embedded in ......

ground substance

Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified into what two divisions?

proper and specialized

Connective tissue proper is further divided into what two types of divisions?

Loose/areolar and dense

Which type of connective tissue proper surrounds blood vessels and provides support to internal organs?

loose/areolar

Which dense connective tissue division is tendons and ligaments?

regular

Which dense connective tissue division is the dermis of the skin and organ capsules?

irregular

Which type of connective tissue includes blood, reticular, cartilage, bone, lymph, and adipose tissue?

specialized

What is the third type of connective tissue that is present in the embryo and umbilical cord?

embryonic

Which tissue type is made of cells (neurons, glial cells) and extracellular matrix (EMC)?

nervous

The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance with little to no ......

protein fibers

What are specialized cells in nervous tissue that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes (dendrites, axons)?

neurons

What are the classifications of neurons based on the number of processes they have?

multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

What cells in nervous tissue provide support, nourishment, myelination, and protection to neurons?

glial

Which type of tissue allows movement, has cells that are excitable and respond to a stimulus, is contractile, and can shorten and generate a pulling force?

muscle

What are the categories of muscle tissue?

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Which muscle tissue is voluntary, striated, tubular, and multinucleated

skeletal

Which muscle tissue is involuntary, striated, branched, and uninucleated?

cardiac

Which muscle tissue is involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated?

smooth

What is the first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy?

fixation

The purpose of fixation is to prevent the tissue from ...

degrading

After fixation, the tissue is embedded with ...., which firms the tissue to permit thin slices

wax

The thin slices of tissue embedded in wax are mounted to a glass slide using a mounting medium as an .....

adhesive

After preparation of a tissue, the tissue is ...

stained

The dye is necessary for a tissue section because tissues are normally ....

colorless

What are very thin slices of tissue, mounted on a glass microscope slide and colored with stains?

histological specimens

What part of preparation stabilizes and preserves the tissue by preventing enzymatic degradation, termination of cellular metabolism, killing pathogenic microorganisms, and hardening of tissue?

fixation

What part of preparation converts the tissue into a solid form that can be sectioned?

embedding

What part of preparation is slicing?

sectioning

What part of preparation is providing visual contrast, facilitates identification of specific tissue components?

staining

What is the most common staining of fixation, ions with opposite charges that attach to one another through electrostatic interaction?

hematoxylin and eosin

Which stain of H&E staining is a basic dye that reacts with basophilic components of tissue, such as the nuclei, and stains them blue?

hematoxylin

Which stain of H&E staining is an acidic dye that is negatively charged, reacts with acidophilic cell components of the tissue, such as the amino group in the protein of the cytoplasm, staining it pink?

eosin

Which staining method is used to demonstrate the presence of carbohydrates and carbohydrate compounds such as polysaccharides, mucin, glycogen, and fungal cell wall components? Used to detect glycogen.

Periodic-Acid Schiff (PAS)

Which staining method is a process that identifies DNA in cells?

feulgen reaction

Which staining method is a technique that uses binding between an antibody and an antigen to detect and localize specific antigens in cells and tissues?

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Which method of IHC is labeling the primary antibody with a fluorescent label?

direct

Which method of IHC uses a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody that reacts with the primary antibody?

indirect

Which method of staining method allows to localize DNA or RNA sequences. Detects the expression pattern of a particular gene sequence in cells or tissues using a complementary sequence known as a probe.

In situ hybridization

Which method of staining hybridization is a technique used to amplify/copy small segments of DNA?

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Which method of staining hybridization amplifies specific regions of DNA for diagnosis and analysis in medical research and uses RNA as the starting template, instead of DNA?

reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Which staining method records the distribution of radioactive materials in botanical and histological specimens, creating an image using photographic film or emulsion that captures the radiation emitted by a radioactive isotope absorbed by tissue?

autoradiograph

Each step of tissue preparation introduces ..... by altering or distorting the natural appearance of cells?

artifacts

What is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects that are too small to see with the naked eye?

microscopy

What in eukaryotic cells has membrane-bound organelles and non-membranous structures?

cytoplasm

What kind of organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes?

membrane-bound organelles

What kind of organelles are the cytoskeleton proteins (microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments), ribosomes, glycogen, and lipid droplets?

non-membrane-bound organelles

In eukaryotic cells, what provides structure and organization?

cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell supports plasma membrane, gives the cell shape, aids in positioning of organelles, provides tracks for transport within the cell, and (in certain cells) ...

allows movement

In eukaryotes, what are the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

What type of protein fiber in the cytoskeleton is the narrowest and made up of many linked monomers of actin protein, combined in a structure that resembles a double helix?

microfilaments/actin filaments

Actin exists in 2 forms, what are they?

G-actin and F-actin

Which form of actin has monomeric globular actin and responsible for the formation of the actin filament?

G-actin

Which form of actin is polymeric, fibrous actin and forms the cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus of muscle cells?

F-actin

The microfilaments/actin filaments require ..., K+, and Mg2+ for polymerization

ATP

What is a chemical reaction that joins small molecules called monomers to form larger molecules or polymers?

polymerization

What type of protein fiber is made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together?

intermediate filaments

Unlike actin filaments, which can grow and disassemble quickly, intermediate filaments are more permanent and play an essentially ..... role in the cell.

structural

The intermediate filaments are specialized to bear tension, their jobs include maintaining the .... of the cell and anchoring the nucleus and other organelles in place.

shape

Whereas actin filaments and microtubules are polymers of single types of proteins (actin and tubulin), intermediate filaments are composed of a ......

variety of proteins that are expressed in different types of cells

More than 50 different intermediate filament proteins have been identified and classified into 6 groups based on similarities between their ....

amino acid sequences

What type of intermediate filament group is keratins?

Type 1 and 2

What type of intermediate filament group is vimentin, or vimentin-like?

Type 3

Type 4 of the intermediate filament is classified by

neurofilaments

Type 5 of the intermediate filament is classified by

lamins

Type 6 of the intermediate filament is classified by

beaded filaments (phakinin and filensin)

What type of protein fiber is the largest of the 3 cytoskeletal fibers, and made up of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow, straw-like tube?

microtubules

What are the two subunits of each tubulin protein in microtubules?

alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin

Microtubules can grow and shrink quickly by the addition or removal of ....

tubulin proteins

Microtubules are involved in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular ......, and maintenance of cell shape.

transport

Microtubules require ....., and Mg2+ for polymerization

GTP

Microtubules are also key components of what 3 more specialized eukaryotic cell structures?

flagella, cilia, and centrosomes

In eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are the cell membrane extensions present of certain cells that help in

locomotion

Prokaryotic bacteria also contain flagella and cilia, but prokaryotic flagella are made up of flagellin protein, whereas eukaryotic flagella are made up of .... protein

tubulin